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25 April 2026, Volume 35 Issue 2 Previous Issue   

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Analysis of epigenetic features of mouse Meckel’s cartilage by integrating multi-omics data Pan Zhiyuan, Wang Hongwei, Cheng Li, Lin Guofen, Dai Jiewen 2026, 35 (2):  113-120.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2026.02.001 Abstract ( 10 )   PDF (2508KB) ( 14 )   PURPOSE: To characterize the epigenetic features of mouse Meckel's cartilage and potential gene expression regulation mechanisms based on multi-omics data. METHODS: E14.5 Meckel's cartilage and forelimb cartilage multi-omics data in our group were incorporated, and published datasets of a wide range of mouse chondrocytes from the GEO database were also downloaded. Bioinformatics methods were used to compare chromatin accessibility, histone acetylation modifications, as well as three-dimensional genomic structural differences between different chondrocyte samples. Results: ATAC-seq analysis results showed that E14.5 Meckel's cartilage exhibited a more similar chromatin accessibility pattern to epiphyseal cartilage. CUT&Tag analysis results showed that H3K27ac modification level of 11 899 peaks differed significantly between Meckel's cartilage and forelimb cartilage, and acetylation modifications in 8 572 peaks were upregulated in Merkel's cartilage. Motif analysis results showed that the up-regulated H3K27ac peaks in Meckel's cartilage were enriched with Fos, Atf3, and AP-1 binding sites. Integration analysis of CUT&Tag and Hi-C results indicated the presence of chromatin loop-mediated promoter-super-enhancer interactions at the loci of Runx2 and Six2. CONCLUSIONS: E14.5 Meckel's cartilage mainly exhibits chromatin accessibility characteristics of proliferative chondrocytes. Transcription factors such as Fos, and Six2 may play an important role in the transcriptional regulation of Meckel's cartilage development during the proliferative stage. Changes in chromatin epigenetic modifications associated with hypertrophy of Meckel's cartilage may appear gradually during the later stage of Merkel's cartilage development. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of the synergistic effects of F.nucleatum loaded with BiS/CeO2 composite nanorods on photothermal, chemodynamic and immunotherapy in oral squamous cell carcinoma Zou Zichuan, Meng Jian, Li Ang, Yang Haonan, Wang Shoupeng, Yang Peiming, Chen Yinyu 2026, 35 (2):  121-128.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2026.02.002 Abstract ( 6 )   PDF (2021KB) ( 6 )   PURPOSE: This study aims to develop an active F.nucleatum (Fn) bio-delivery system (BiS/CeO2@Fn) loaded with composite nanorods and to characterize its properties. The antitumor efficacy of BiS/CeO2@Fn against oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) was preliminarily evaluated. METHODS: Bismuth sulfide/cerium oxide (BiS/CeO2) composite nanorods were synthesized using a hydrothermal method, and BiS/CeO2@Fn was prepared via electrostatic adsorption. The micromorphology, average particle size, and Zeta potential were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and a laser nanoparticle size/potentiometer. The photothermal performance of BiS/CeO2@Fn under 808 nm laser irradiation was recorded using a near-infrared thermal imaging camera. The catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities of BiS/CeO2@Fn were evaluated by monitoring the production of O2 and hydroxyl radicals (·OH). Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and O2 generation was assessed using a DCFH-DA probe and an oxygen fluorescent probe, respectively. The synergistic cytotoxicity effect of BiS/CeO2@Fn on CAL27 cells was investigated through live/dead cell staining and cell proliferation assays. Immunogenic cell death (ICD) effects were examined by monitoring intracellular ATP levels and immunofluorescence staining for calreticulin (CRT) and high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1). Results: The synthesized BiS/CeO2 nanorods exhibited a mean diameter of approximately 303.21 nm and a Zeta potential of (4.70±1.30) mV. TEM image revealed distinct adherence of nanoparticles around the bacteria following incubation with Fn, indicating the successful fabrication of BiS/CeO2@Fn. This composite demonstrated excellent photothermal conversion efficiency and significant CAT and POD catalytic activities. Furthermore, BiS/CeO2@Fn not only effectively alleviated tumor hypoxia, but also prompted ROS generation, suppressed tumor cell viability, and upregulated the expression of ICD hallmark molecules. CONCLUSIONS: The BiS/CeO2@Fn live bacterial bio-delivery system demonstrates a synergistic cytotoxicity against CAL27 tumor cells through photothermal ablation, chemical dynamics therapy and immunotherapy. This multifunctional delivery system demonstrates significant therapeutic potential for treatment of OSCC. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Experimental study on antibacterial effect of semiconductor laser combined with 5.25%NaClO and 17%EDTA on lateral root canals infected by Enterococcus faecalis Chen Linyu, Zhong Wen, Liu Chaojin, Jiao Xuefeng 2026, 35 (2):  129-135.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2026.02.003 Abstract ( 8 )   PDF (1350KB) ( 9 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the scavenging effect of diode laser combined with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and 17% metal chelated ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on Enterococcus faecalis (E.faecalis) in the root canal. METHODS: From January 2023 to December 2023, totally 82 single permanent teeth were freshly extracted from the outpatient clinic of the Department of Stomatology of Ningde Hospital affiliated to Ningde Normal University, and the tartar and periodontal ligament were removed with ultrasound instruments and periodontal curettage, and the root canal model with E.faecalis infection was established after disinfection. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe whether the root canal model of E.faecalis infected lateral branch was successfully established. A total of 80 E.faecalis-infected lateral root canal models were successfully prepared and randomly divided into 4 groups with 20 in each group. Group A was treated with diode laser, group B was treated with 17% EDTA+5.25% NaClO solution, group C was treated with 17% EDTA+5.25% NaClO+ diode laser, and group D was treated with 0.9% NaCl solution. The difference in the number of colonies between the groups before and after treatment was compared, the sterilization rate was calculated, and the treatment situation of each group was observed under SEM. Results: After 4 weeks of inoculation, a complete E.faecalis biofilm was formed on the root canal wall of isolated teeth, which closely adhered to and penetrated into the dentinal tubule, and the E.faecalis infection model was successfully constructed. After treatment, the number of colonies in the 4 groups was significantly lower than that before treatment(P<0.05). Group C had the lowest number of colonies and the highest bactericidal rate after treatment, while group D had the opposite effect, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the number of colonies, bacterial reduction and sterilization rate between group A and group B (P>0.05). After treatment, the root canal walls of group A and B had smear layers and sparse E.faecalis. The dentin tubules were open but rough, and the openings of some tubules were closed. In group C, the small tube openings were completely exposed, the wall surface was smooth and free of impurities, the small tube openings were molten and the diameter decreased. In group D, E. faecalis was linearly and chainly distributed. The root canal walls were covered by the smear layer, and the small canal openings were difficult to be seen. CONCLUSIONS: Semiconductor laser in combination with 5.25% NaClO and 17% EDTA have a good bactericidal effect on the lateral root canals on the infected side of E. faecalis and can be used as a supplement to traditional root canal disinfection. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Causal impact of chronic periodontitis on brain corticospinal tract microstructures Wang Ruiqing, Jin Yu, Liu Chengxiao, Guo Weiming, Fang Bing 2026, 35 (2):  136-141.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2026.02.004 Abstract ( 8 )   PDF (925KB) ( 8 )   PURPOSE: To investigate whether periodontitis (PD) induces microstructural alterations in specific WM tracts, particularly the corticospinal tract (CST), which is associated with motor function. METHODS: Based on genome wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics from PD (45 563 samples) and CST imaging-derived phenotypes (IDPs) (31 356 samples), two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was performed. The primary analysis was conducted using inverse variance weighted (IVW) method, supplemented by weighted median (WM), MR-Egger regression, robust adjusted profile score (MR-RAPS), and constrained maximum likelihood and model averaging bayesian information criterion (cML). Sensitivity analysis was performed using Cochran Q test, Mendelian randomization pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO), and leave-one-out (LOO) analysis. Results: MR analysis revealed positive associations between PD and CST fractional anisotropy (FA)(β=0.07, P=6.11×10-3) and negative associations with mean diffusivity (MD)(β=-0.06, P=3.90×10-2). These findings remained consistent across sensitivity analysis. PD led to an increase in FA values and a decrease in MD within the CST, indicating that the integrity of the CST was compromised. CONCLUSIONS: PD has a detrimental causal impact on the integrity of CST microstructures, potentially increasing the risk of CST lesions. Therefore, this study suggests that effective clinical prevention and treatment of PD are necessary. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of total-etch and self-etch bonding systems on pulp sensitivity and the incidence of long-term complications following resin filling of posterior teeth Yuan Yang, Zhang Weibo 2026, 35 (2):  142-147.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2026.02.005 Abstract ( 7 )   PDF (691KB) ( 6 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of total-etch and self-etch bonding systems on pulp sensitivity and the incidence of long-term complications following resin filling of posterior teeth. METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted. Eighty patients who underwent posterior dental resin filling from March 2023 to March 2025 were selected and randomly divided into the experimental group and the control group by random number table method, with 40 cases in each group. The control group was treated with total-etch bonding system, while the experimental group was treated with self-etch bonding system, with a follow-up period of 6 months. Clinical outcomes were compared between the two groups at 1 week and 6 months post-operation; pulp sensitivity indicators and chewing function were compared pre-operation, 1 week and 6 months post-operation;complications were statistically analyzed and compared at 1 week and 6 months post-operation. Results: One week post-operation, there was no significant difference in the scores of each item of the United States Department of Public Health standards (USPHS) between the two groups. Six months post-operation, the proportion of marginal adaptability, surface morphology, color matching, postoperative sensitivity, fracture and retention A grade in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group(P<0.05). One week and 6 months post-operation, the temperature test response grading of the two groups was significantly higher than that pre-operation, and the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group(P<0.05). One week post-operation, there was no significant difference in the total incidence of complications between the two groups (P>0.05), six months post-operation, the overall complication rate in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Self-etching and bonding 3M-Z350 nano-composite resin to fill teeth can effectively improve the therapeutic effect, reduce postoperative pulp sensitivity, enhance chewing function and have good interface sealing performance. The incidence of complications such as post-operation fillings and pulpitis pain is relatively low. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Diagnostic value of random forest algorithm based on condylar CBCT features for the staging of patients with idiopathic condylar resorption Ma Yuxuan, Nie Rongrong, Zhang Li, Sun Weibin, Zhu Feng 2026, 35 (2):  148-153.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2026.02.006 Abstract ( 7 )   PDF (876KB) ( 8 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the diagnostic value of a random forest (RF) algorithm based on CBCT features of the condyle for staging idiopathic condylar resorption(ICR). METHODS: A total of 120 patients with ICR admitted to Nanjing Stomatological Hospital from January 2016 to December 2024 were selected and divided into the stationary phase group (n=70) and the progressive phase group (n=50). Healthy individuals who underwent physical examinations during the same period (n=40) were selected as the control group. The CBCT features of condylar length, inner 1/3 width, middle 1/3 width, outer 1/3 width, condylar height, mandibular ramus height, condylar surface angle, condylar axis angle, condylar volume, condylar surface area and condylar cross-sectional area were measured. Results: There were no significant differences in gender, age, height and disease duration among each group(P>0.05), while there were significant differences in CBCT characteristic indicators (P<0.05). Compared with the stationary group, the condylar length, condylar height, mandibular elevation height, condylar volume, condylar surface area and condylar cross-sectional area in the progressive group were significantly reduced(P<0.05). Taking the stationary or progressive stage of ICR patients as the dependent variable, the variables with significant differences in univariate analysis were included in the random forest (RF) algorithm, the order of importance from high to low was condylar volume, condylar surface area, condylar length, mandibular elevation height, condylar cross-sectional area, and condylar height. The above-mentioned CBCT features were subjected to stepwise RF,when the number of features was 5, the error rate of the out-of-pocket data was the lowest. The order of importance from high to low was condylar volume, condylar surface area, condylar length, mandibular elevation height and condylar area. Using the top 5 variables from the RF importance ranking for analysis, condylar volume, condylar surface area, condylar length and condylar cross-sectional area were identified as influencing factors for ICR staging (P<0.05). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis demonstrated that condylar volume, condylar surface area, condylar length, condylar cross-sectional area and their combination could all be used to diagnose ICR staging(P<0.05), with area under the curve(AUC)>0.70, sensitivity>58.5%, and specificity≥64%. Compared with a single indicator, the AUC, sensitivity and specificity of the combined detection were significantly increased. CONCLUSIONS: RF based on the CBCT features of the condyle of ICR patients has a high diagnostic value for disease staging. Condylar volume, condylar surface area, condylar length and condylar cross-sectional area are the key imaging indicators for differentiating the stationary phase from the progressive phase, among which condylar volume is of the highest importance. The combined detection of multiple features can significantly improve diagnostic efficiency, manifested as higher AUC, sensitivity and specificity. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of the influence of the abutment of the angle screw channel system on the success rate and aesthetic effect of maxillary anterior implant restorations Zhao Xibo, Feng Baojing, Song Chunyan, Fan Yuting, Yuan Qingmin 2026, 35 (2):  154-158.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2026.02.007 Abstract ( 7 )   PDF (672KB) ( 5 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of the abutment of the angle screw channel system on the success rate and aesthetic effect of maxillary anterior implant restorations. METHODS: A total of 102 patients with maxillary anterior implantation who were admitted from May 2021 to December 2023 were selected and divided into the control group (n=51, with straight abutment screw fixation) and the experimental group (n=51, with angle screw channel system abutment) by the random number table method.The implant survival rate, marginal bone loss, aesthetic outcomes [pink esthetic score (PES) and white esthetic score (WES)], periodontal indicators [probing depth (PD), sulcus bleeding index (SBI) and plaque index (PLI)], quality of life [evaluated by the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) Scale] and complication rates were compared between the two groups. Results: After 1-year follow-up, the implant retention rates of both groups were 100%,the bone resorption around the implant in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05), PES and WES scores of the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group (P <0.05) and the OHIP-14 score of the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). Three months after treatment, the PD, SBI and PLI in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of complications between the experimental group and the control group (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The abutment of the angle screw channel system can significantly improve the success rate and aesthetic effect of maxillary anterior implantation and is suitable for clinical promotion and application. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of minimally invasive gel decaying in resin restoration of deciduous tooth caries Zhang Hongyue, Liu Xiaoli, Su Min, Xing Congcong, Li Xinnan, Lyu Bingjian 2026, 35 (2):  159-164.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2026.02.008 Abstract ( 6 )   PDF (710KB) ( 6 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate and compare the efficacy and safety of Carisolv minimally invasive gel caries removal technique combined with penetrating and composite resins in the treatment of caries in deciduous teeth. METHODS: A total of 218 children treated for deciduous tooth caries in Stomatology Hospital of Hebei Medical University from January 2019 to January 2024 were selected and divided into control group (n=109) and experimental group (n=109) by random number table method. After caries removal with Carisolv minimally invasive gel, the control group was filled with osmotic resin, and the experimental group was filled with composite resin. Sulcus bleeding index(SBI), gingival index(GI), plaque index(PLI), chewing function and levels of periodontal inflammatory factors were compared between the two groups before and after treatment. Results: The operation time and oral function recovery time in the experimental group were (4.12±0.58) min and (29.12±3.02) d, respectively, which were significantly shorter than those in the control group (6.53±1.02) min and (36.54±3.52) d (P<0.05). The differences of SBI, GI and PLI in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). The changes of serum TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 levels in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). The difference in resting masseter muscle electromyographic activity in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group, the differences in resting temporal muscle electromyographic activity, maximal clenching masseter muscle electromyographic activity and maximal clenching temporal muscle electromyographic activity were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). The numbers of cases with moderate to severe pain were significantly lower in the experimental group (P<0.05). The overall treatment efficacy rate in the experimental group was 96.3%, significantly higher than that in the control group (83.5%, P<0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions was significantly lower in the experimental group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Carisolv minimally invasive gel combined with composite resin for primary tooth caries can significantly shorten the treatment and oral function recovery time, improve the periodontal health index after treatment, reduce pain and adverse reactions, with a higher overall effective rate. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of the orthodontic effects of PASS appliance and Clear aligner in Angle Class Ⅱ malocclusion Liu Luhui, Li Jie, Ma Juan, Wang Dong, Shi Jingbo 2026, 35 (2):  165-170.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2026.02.009 Abstract ( 10 )   PDF (705KB) ( 15 )   PURPOSE: To compare the orthodontic effects of physiological anchorage Spee's-wire system(PASS) appliance and Clear aligner in Angle Class Ⅱ malocclusion. METHODS: A total of 80 patients with Angle Class Ⅱ malocclusion admitted to Qinghai Provincial Communications Hospital from November 2023 to December 2024 were selected and randomly divided into PASS group and Clear aligner group, with 40 cases in each group. The orthodontic effects, imaging indicators of soft and hard tissues, periodontal indicators, complications, masticatory function and oral health of the patients were compared and analyzed. Results: At 6 months after orthodontic treatment, the peer assessment rating（PAR） score of the PASS group was lower than that of the Clear aligner group (P<0.05). After treatment, U1-NA angle decreased and L1-NB angle increased in both groups, the improvement in the PASS group was more significant than that in the Clear aligner group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in SNA and SNB between the two groups before and after orthodontic treatment (P>0.05). After treatment,upper and lower lip protrusion (ULP, LLP) decreased, while the Z-angle increased in both groups, the improvement in the PASS group was more significant than that in the Clear aligner group(P<0.05). After treatment, the probing depth (PD), bleeding index (BI) and gingival index (GI) levels of the two groups were significantly higher than those before treatment (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in PD, BI and GI between the two groups after treatment (P>0.05). After treatment, the bite force and chewing efficiency of both groups were significantly increased compared to pre-treatment (P<0.05), and the increase was more significant in the PASS group (P<0.05). After orthodontic treatment, the scores of the Oral Health Impact Profile-5 (OHIP-5) in both groups decreased significantly, and the decrease was more significant in the PASS group(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The clinical efficacy of PASS appliance in the treatment of Angle Class Ⅱ malocclusion is good, which can effectively improve the soft and hard tissue indexes and masticatory function of patients, while the Clear aligner has little side effect on the periodontal tissue of patients, and the degree of oral health is better. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of the effect of grinding and bone chiseling maxillary sinus internal lifting in dentition defects of posterior teeth with insufficient vertical bone mass Zhang Yue, Huang Ning, Li Ran 2026, 35 (2):  171-175.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2026.02.010 Abstract ( 8 )   PDF (621KB) ( 8 )   PURPOSE: To compare the effect of grinding and bone chiseling maxillary sinus internal lifting in dentition defects of posterior teeth with insufficient vertical bone mass. METHODS: A total of 92 patients with dentition defects in the posterior teeth area due to insufficient vertical bone mass admitted from January 2020 to December 2021 were selected and divided into the control group (n=46) and the experimental group (n=46) by random number table method. The control group was treated with maxillary sinus floor internal lifting via grinding, while the experimental group was treated with maxillary sinus floor internal lifting via bone chiseling. The operative conditions, bone resorption, residual bone height (RBH), implant success rate, peri-implant soft tissue, patient's satisfaction and postoperative complications were compared between the two groups. Results: There was no significant difference in implant length and diameter between the two groups (P>0.05). The operation time in the experimental group was significantly longer than in the control group (P<0.05), and the amount of intraoperative blood loss was significantly higher than in the control group(P<0.05). One year after surgery, there were no significant differences in probing depth (PD), gingival papillary index, modified sulcular bleeding index (mSBI) and modified plaque index (mPLI) between the two groups (P>0.05), the satisfaction rate of patients in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference in the total incidence of complications between the two groups(P>0.05). Three years after surgery, the bone resorption amounts at the root, distal and near midedge of the implants in both groups increased significantly(P<0.05), and more prominent in the experimental group (P<0.05). RBH in both groups increased significantly(P<0.05), and more prominent in the experimental group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the success rate of the implants between the two groups(P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Internal lifting of the maxillary sinus by grinding and bone chiseling has good effect in dentition defects of posterior teeth with insufficient vertical bone mass and has a relatively small impact on the soft tissues around the implants. Internal maxillary sinus lifting with bone chisel can promote bone tissue absorption, increase RBH, and improve patients' satisfaction, with increased intraoperative trauma. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of the effect of stromal cell-derived factor 1α combined with platelet-rich fibrin in the treatment of permanent tooth avulsion Guo Suzi, Yuan Chunli, Wuli Jitu, Liu Jing 2026, 35 (2):  176-180.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2026.02.011 Abstract ( 7 )   PDF (664KB) ( 8 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical effect of stromal cell-derived factor 1α (SDF-1α) combined with platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) in the treatment of permanent tooth avulsion. METHODS: A total of 72 patients (78 affected teeth) with permanent tooth avulsion who were admitted from April 2022 to January 2024 were selected and divided into the experimental group (36 cases, 40 affected teeth) and the control group (36 cases, 38 affected teeth) by random number table method.Both groups of patients underwent replantation treatment,after alveolar socket preparation, the control group was filled with PRF, and the experimental group was filled with PRF combined with SDF-1α. The success rate of replantation, postoperative occlusal pain, levels of growth factors [vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), fibroblast growth factor (FGF)], inflammatory factors [soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP)] and complications were compared between the two groups. Results: The replantation success rate of the experimental group was 100.00% (40/40), significantly higher than that of the control group, which was 89.47%(34/38)(P<0.05).One week, one month, six months and twelve months after treatment, the pain degree scores of the two groups gradually decreased (P<0.05). One week and one month after treatment, the pain degree score of the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). At 6 months and 12 months after treatment, there was no significant difference in the pain degree scores between the two groups (P>0.05). After treatment, the levels of VEGF, PDGF, TGF-βand FGF in both groups were significantly higher than those before operation, and the experimental group was significantly higher than the control group(P<0.05). After treatment, sICAM-1 in both groups was significantly higher than that before operation (P<0.05), IL-6 and CRP were significantly lower than those before operation(P<0.05). The postoperative sICAM-1 in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group(P<0.05), and the levels of IL-6 and CRP were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of postoperative complications between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of permanent tooth avulsion with SDF-1α combined with PRF can improve the replantation success rate of avulsed teeth, reduce postoperative pain responses, with good efficacy and safety. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of absorbable protein collagen suture on wound healing and inflammatory factors in gingival crevicular fluid in oral implant surgery Liang Qingpei, Zheng Rui 2026, 35 (2):  181-184.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2026.02.012 Abstract ( 7 )   PDF (523KB) ( 7 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of absorbable protein collagen suture on wound healing and inflammatory factors in gingival crevicular fluid in oral implant surgery. METHODS: A total of 128 patients with oral implants admitted to the People's Hospital of Dazu District, Chongqing City from March 2018 to October 2019 were selected and divided into the absorbable group (sutured with absorbable collagen suture) and the conventional group (sutured with conventional suture) using a random number table, with 64 cases in each group. The incision healing time, postoperative pain degree of patients, incision healing grade, incidence of complications, level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) in gingival crevicular fluid of the two groups of patients were compared. Results: The incision healing time of patients in the absorbable group was significantly shorter than that in the conventional group (P<0.05); at 1 and 2 days after operation, the degree of pain in the absorbable group was significantly less than that in the conventional group (P<0.05). The healing rate of grade A incision in the absorbable group was 96.88%, and that of grade B incision was 3.13%; in the conventional group, the healing rate of grade A incision was 81.25%, grade B incision was 17.19%, and grade C incision was 1.56%, the absorbable group was significantly better than the conventional group(P<0.05). Before operation, there was no significant difference in the levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 in the gingival crevicular fluid between the absorbable group and the conventional group (P>0.05). Three days after operation, the levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 in the gingival crevicular fluid of the absorbable group were significantly lower than those of the conventional group (P<0.05). The incidence of complications in the absorbable group (6.25%) was significantly lower than that in the conventional group (18.75%). CONCLUSIONS: The use of absorbable collagen suture during oral implant surgery is conducive to incision healing, reducing postoperative pain and inflammatory reaction. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Parental perception of children malocclusion and early orthodontic intervention in Hangzhou city Zhang Xun, Zhao Fengxiao 2026, 35 (2):  185-191.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2026.02.013 Abstract ( 9 )   PDF (885KB) ( 8 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the cognition, behavior and influencing factors of parents for children malocclusion and early orthodontic treatment, and to provide a reference for clinical education and public health policy development. METHODS: An on-line questionnaire was designed to collect information on the demographic characteristics, oral health care behaviors, perceptions of malocclusion and treatment attitudes of 429 parents of children aged 0-12 years. The collected data were subjected to descriptive statistics using SPSS 27.0 software package. Multiple logistic regression analysis was employed to analyze the relevant factors influencing parental perceptions. Results: Among the surveyed parents, 91.4% paid attention to children's maxillofacial development, with the main concerns being dental irregularity (39.9%) and bad oral habits (22.8%). Parents had the most sufficient awareness of "mouth breathing" (mean value: 2.46) and relatively weak awareness of "tongue-thrusting habit" (mean value: 2.18). 76.7% of parents supported early medical consultation and intervention for malocclusion, and 48.8% believed that "the earlier the correction, the better". Fifty-six percent of parents self-assessed that they had a sufficient understanding of early orthodontic treatment, and their main information sources were doctor education (72.8%) and online media (54%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that regular oral examinations (OR=3.321) and parents' own history of malocclusion (OR=1.798) could significantly improve their cognitive level (P<0.001), while educational background and income had no statistically significant impact on their cognition. CONCLUSIONS: Parents in Hangzhou city have a high overall awareness of malocclusion and early orthodontic treatment, but there are limitations such as excessive attention to aesthetics, neglect of functional problems, and insufficient understanding of the intervention. It is recommended to strengthen doctor-led education and use online media resources for professional publicity. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Exploration of the potential role and mechanism of oxidative stress in chronic periodontitis and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease Xie Yijin, Li Haojie, Ding Hongzhong 2026, 35 (2):  192-198.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2026.02.014 Abstract ( 7 )   PDF (1082KB) ( 12 )   PURPOSE: To explore the correlation and mechanism of oxidative stress (OS) in the co-morbidity of chronic periodontitis (CP) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). METHODS: A total of 162 patients who visited the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University from September 2024 to February 2025 were selected and divided into the simple CP group (n=42), the simple MASLD group (n=41), the comorbid group (n=39) and the healthy group (n=40). The salivary malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), periodontal depth (PD), attachment loss (AL) and liver stiffness measurement (LSM) of each group were detected, and statistical analysis was carried out. Results: In terms of periodontal indicators, the PD and AL values of patients in the comorbid group were significantly higher than that of the simple CP group (P< 0.05). In addition, the PD and AL values of the comorbid group and the simple CP group were significantly higher than those of the healthy group and the simple MASLD group (P< 0.05). The OS indicators showed that the MDA level of saliva increased in the order of healthy people, simple CP group, simple MASLD group and comorbid group, while the SOD activity of saliva decreased in order, and the differences between the groups were statistically significant (P< 0.001). As an indicator of comprehensive OS evaluation, the saliva MDA/SOD ratio of the comorbid group was significantly higher than that of all other groups (P< 0.001). In patients with simple CP and simple MASLD, the disease severity and OS level showed a positive correlation, the MDA level and MDA/SOD ratio of the severe group were significantly higher than that of the mild-moderate group, while the SOD activity was significantly lower (P< 0.001). Through the analysis of the intermediary effect model (PROCESS Macro Model 4) based on the Bootstrap method, it was found that the MDA/SOD ratio plays a partial intermediary role in the relationship between PD and LSM, and its effect value was 0.359 kPa, which explained 37% of the total impact on liver injury. CONCLUSIONS: OS level is positively correlated with CP and MASLD and their severity, and in patients with CP and MASLD co-disease, the degree of OS imbalance shows a synergistic correlation with periodontal and liver injury indicators. As a test sample for non-invasive OS markers, saliva has good applicability and potential for application in co-morbidity screening and efficacy monitoring. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of serum ICAM-1 and MMP-8 levels in patients with dentition loss on prognosis after dental implant restoration Song Wei, Ren Xiaoshan 2026, 35 (2):  199-204.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2026.02.015 Abstract ( 11 )   PDF (764KB) ( 6 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the serum levels of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) in patients with tooth loss and their relationship with the effectiveness of oral implant restoration. METHODS: A total of 80 patients with dentition loss who underwent dental implant restoration in Mianyang People's Hospital from January 2021 to January 2023 were recorded as the experimental group, and were divided into good prognosis group (n=53) and poor prognosis group (n=27) according to their prognosis, while 74 healthy volunteers who underwent physical examination during the same period were selected as the control group. The serum levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein(hs-CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), ICAM-1 and MMP-8 were detected by ELISA. Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between ICAM-1 and MMP-8 levels in patients with poor prognosis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the diagnostic value of ICAM-1 and MMP-8 levels in patients with poor prognosis, and Z test was used to compare the differences in the area under the curve (AUC). Results: The serum levels of hs-CRP, TNF-α, ICAM-1 and MMP-8 in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group, and the poor prognosis group was significantly higher than that in the good prognosis group (P<0.05). The high expression of ICAM-1 and MMP-8 was an independent risk factor for poor prognosis in patients (P<0.05). The serum levels of ICAM-1 and MMP-8 in the poor prognosis group were positively correlated(r=0.433, P=0.000). The AUC for poor prognosis in patients diagnosed with serum ICAM-1 and MMP-8 alone was 0.776 and 0.762, respectively. The AUC of the combined diagnosis of serum ICAM-1 and MMP-8 was 0.908, which was better than serum ICAM-1 and MMP-8 alone (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The levels of ICAM-1 and MMP-8 are elevated in patients with tooth loss, and the levels are higher in patients with poor prognosis. There is a positive correlation between the two indexes, and they may jointly participate in the mechanism of poor prognosis. The combination of the two indexes has a higher value in the diagnosis of poor prognosis, which can provide a reference for clinical prognosis evaluation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction and preliminary verification of labial muscle function training program in children with maxillofacial deformity caused by mouth breathing Lu Wenting, Yu Shengdan, Hou Lili 2026, 35 (2):  205-211.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2026.02.016 Abstract ( 8 )   PDF (1086KB) ( 13 )   PURPOSE: To develop a training program for lip muscle function in children with mouth breathing and craniofacial deformities, and to preliminarily verify its impact on craniofacial morphology and function. METHODS: Through a literature review, this study organized the current application status, core elements, and existing issues of orofacial myofunctional therapy(OMT) in children with mouth breathing and facial deformities, both domestically and internationally. Based on this, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 9 family members of children and 10 medical staff from a tertiary hospital, combined with qualitative interviews and the Delphi method, inviting 14 experts for two rounds of Delphi consultations to optimize and validate the consensus on the program. Results: Qualitative interviews found that all parents of the affected children focused on the improvement of facial aesthetics and respiratory function, while 90% of healthcare professionals emphasized personalized training. Delphi consultation showed that the expert authority coefficient was 0.87 and the Kendall harmony coefficient was 0.73(P<0.01). The final plan included four modules: lip muscle strength training, lip muscle coordination training, respiratory pattern adjustment, and correction of daily habits. Preliminary experimental results indicated that after 12 weeks of training, the children's static lip closure pressure increased by 81%(P<0.001), dynamic lip endurance improved by 143%(P<0.001), and the frequency of mouth opening during the day decreased by 27% (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The training program developed in this study can effectively improve the lip muscle function and breathing patterns of children with mouth breathing. It has positive implications for early intervention of craniofacial morphology, providing a standardized intervention framework for clinical practice. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction and initial application of masticatory function rehabilitation program for patients after mandibular reconstruction Du Lin, Zhang Yue, Gu Fen 2026, 35 (2):  212-219.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2026.02.017 Abstract ( 8 )   PDF (1065KB) ( 10 )   PURPOSE: To construct a masticatory function rehabilitation program for patients after mandibular reconstruction, and to explore its preliminary application effect. METHODS: Based on the complex intervention framework and the theory of self-care of cancer symptoms, the current situation and needs of masticatory function rehabilitation of 21 patients after mandibular reconstruction were summarized through literature review and semi-structured interviews, the first draft of the intervention plan was formed, and 12 experts in related fields were selected for demonstration and revision to form the final draft of the rehabilitation plan. A total of 16 patients who underwent mandibular reconstruction after denture restoration in Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from March to June 2024 were selected by objective sampling method. They were randomly divided into the experimental group and the control group using the random number table method, with 8 cases in each group. On the basis of routine nursing, the experimental group implemented a masticatory function rehabilitation program, while the control group received usual care. At 1 month, 3 months and 6 months of intervention, the masticatory ability test, Jaw Functional Limitation Scale (JFLS) and Sato questionnaire scores were compared between the two groups. Results: A total of 1 round of expert demonstration was conducted, and the effective questionnaire recovery rate was 100%, the expert authority coefficient was 0.908. The masticatory function rehabilitation program for patients after mandibular reconstruction included two dimensions of self-regulation skills/ability and self-efficacy, as well as goal setting, self-monitoring, reactive thinking/decision-making, action, symptom assessment, response management, timely encouragement, regular assessment of patients' psychological factors, and regular assessment of family members, totally 9 items and specific contents. The preliminary application results of the scheme showed that there were statistically significant effects between the two groups at different time points (P<0.05). The results of simple effect analysis showed that there was no significant difference in the masticatory ability test scores between the two groups before intervention, at 1 month after intervention, and at 3 months after intervention (P>0.05). After 6 months of intervention, the score of the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P=0.001). There was no significant difference in the JFLS scores between the two groups before intervention and at 1 month after intervention (P>0.05). After 3 months of intervention, the score of the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). At the three time points, there was no significant difference in the Sato questionnaire scores between the two groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The masticatory function rehabilitation program for patients after mandibular reconstruction constructed in this study is comprehensive, scientific and feasible. The implementation of this protocol is helpful for the rehabilitation of masticatory function and the improvement of the quality of life of patients after mandibular reconstruction. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of the effectiveness of goal attainment theory-based interventions in improving rehabilitation outcomes for patients with jaw fractures Zhang Yanxin, Liu Ying 2026, 35 (2):  220-224.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2026.02.018 Abstract ( 6 )   PDF (847KB) ( 6 )   PURPOSE: To explore the application effect of goal attainment theory-based interventions in improving rehabilitation outcomes for patients with jaw fractures, and to provide a basis for optimizing clinical rehabilitation protofiles. METHODS: A total of 30 patients with jaw fractures admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University from January 2023 to December 2023 were selected as the control group, and 30 patients admitted from January 2024 to December 2024 as the intervention group. Both groups underwent open reduction and rigid internal fixation with titanium plates. The control group received routine rehabilitation treatment, while the intervention group received rehabilitation treatment guided by the goal attainment theory. Differences in surgical indicators, masticatory ability, tooth bite force, quality of life, and mental health were compared between the two groups. Results: The length of hospital stay and fracture healing time in the intervention group were significantly shorter than those in the control group (P<0.01), while there were no significant differences in intraoperative blood loss or operation time between the two groups (P>0.05). At 3 months postoperatively, the masticatory function, tooth bite force, and SF-36 quality of life scores in the intervention group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.01), but no significant differences were observed in these indicators between the two groups at 6 months postoperatively(P>0.05). At 6 months postoperatively, the scores of the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA), Hamilton Depression Scale(HAMD), plaque index(PI), debris index(DI), gingival index(GI), and sulcus bleeding index(SBI) in the intervention group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.01). The total incidence of complications in the intervention group(3.33%) was significantly lower than that in the control group(10.00%). CONCLUSIONS: Rehabilitation intervention guided by the goal attainment theory can shorten the rehabilitation cycle of patients with jaw fractures, improve masticatory function and quality of life in the early stage, alleviate negative emotions, optimize oral hygiene status and reduce the risk of complications. References | Related Articles | Metrics