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25 October 2026, Volume 35 Issue 5 Previous Issue   

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Effect of oral gavage of Streptococcus mutans on blood pressure and intestinal metabolites in mice Wang Ruixue, Xu Shuo, Duan Shengzhong, Zhou Wei 2026, 35 (5):  449-455.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2026.05.001 Abstract ( 4 )   PDF (1486KB) ( 5 )   PURPOSE: To analyze the effects of S.mutans gavage on blood pressure and intestinal metabolites in angiotensin Ⅱ-induced hypertensive mice, and to identify intestinal metabolic markers associated with hypertension. METHODS: Eight-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into vehicle hypertension(VH) group and S. mutans hypertension(SH) group, each administered with 200 μL sterile PBS or PBS containing 1×109 CFU S.mutans by gavage once daily for 4 weeks. Subsequently, a mouse model of hypertension was induced by subcutaneous infusion of human angiotensin Ⅱ(750 ng/kg/min) for 2 weeks using a mini-osmotic pump, during which the blood pressure of the mice was monitored by non-invasive tail-cuff method. After 2 weeks, feces from both groups of mice were collected, and the intestinal metabolites of the mice were detected by LC-MS/MS untargeted metabolomics technology. RESULTS: Non-invasive tail-cuff blood pressure monitoring showed that compared with the VH group, the systolic and diastolic blood pressures of the SH group were elevated. The results of non-targeted metabolomic analysis of feces by LC-MS/MS showed that there were 237 differential metabolites between the two groups, among which 15 showed significant differences, mainly belonging to lipids and lipid-like molecules, organic acids and their derivatives. There were 6 significantly enriched metabolic pathways (FDR<0.05), with the most enriched pathway being the bacterial ATP-binding cassette transporter pathway, which was related to the intestinal barrier and the generation of intestinal metabolites. CONCLUSIONS: Gavage of S.mutans can significantly alter the composition of intestinal metabolites in hypertensive mice, potentially increasing angiotensin Ⅱ-induced hypertension in mice by modulating the choline-trimethylamine metabolic axis, NO production, and ROS production. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of deaminotyrosine on alveolar bone loss in periodontitis mice induced by a high-fat diet and its mechanism Heng Xiao, Sun Jin, Hong Jialin, Wang Qiujin, Yang Yihan, Wang Hong, Liu Yan 2026, 35 (5):  456-463.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2026.05.002 Abstract ( 3 )   PDF (1846KB) ( 5 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of the gut microbiota metabolite deaminotyrosine (DAT) on alveolar bone loss in mice with periodontitis (PD) induced by a high-fat diet and its potentional mechannism. METHODS: Thirty mice with similar growth status were randomly divided into a normal diet group (n=6) and a high-fat diet group (n=24). After 3 months of feeding, 6 mice were randomly selected from the high-fat diet group, and indicators such as body weight, fat content, and blood glucose were measured and compared with those of the normal diet group. The remaining 18 mice in the high-fat diet group were further divided into 3 subgroups: high-fat diet group (without PD model establishment), high-fat diet+PD group and high-fat diet+PD+DAT group (n=6 per group). PD model was established after 3 months of high-fat diet feeding, and the mice were treated after 4 weeks. The left maxilla was collected for Micro-CT scanning. The distance from the cemento-enamel junction (CEJ) to the top of the alveolar bone crest (ABC) (CEJ-ABC) and the bone volume fraction (BV/TV) were analyzed to evaluate the degree of alveolar bone loss. qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression levels of inflammatory factors (including IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) in mouse serum. In in vitro experiments, the osteoblast cell line MC3T3-E1 was cultured and divided into the control group, 1 mmol/L DAT group, and 5 mmol/L DAT group. CCK-8 assay was used to detect cell proliferation in each group, while alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and Alizarin red (AR) staining were performed to observe the osteogenic differentiation of the cells. RESULTS: Compared with the high-fat diet+PD group, the high-fat diet+PD+DAT group showed a significant increase in CEJ-ABC distance and a significant decrease in BV/TV (P<0.05). The expression levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in the high-fat diet+PD+DAT group were significantly lower than those in the high-fat diet+PD group (P<0.05). For the MC3T3-E1 cell line, compared with the control group and the 1 mmol/L DAT group, the 5 mmol/L DAT group exhibited a significant inhibition of cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation abilities. CONCLUSIONS: DAT can inhibit the proliferative activity and osteogenic differentiation capacity of osteoblasts, thereby leading to alveolar bone loss. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Quantum chemical study on the influence of structural features of aminosilanes on the interfacial chemical interactions with zirconia Bai Zehua, Lu Xiaofeng, Yang Yusheng, Liang Yun 2026, 35 (5):  464-469.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2026.05.003 Abstract ( 4 )   PDF (973KB) ( 6 )   PURPOSE: To study the influence of the structure characteristics of amino silanes (number, position and chain length of CH2 groups) on the chemical interactions between silane and zirconia by quantum chemistry, further improving the binding efficiency between silane and zirconia. METHODS: Models of four amino silanes-such as 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES), 3-aminopropyl dimethylethoxysilane (APDMES), (2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane (AEAPTMS) and divinyltriaminopropyl trimethoxysilane (DETA)-along with their corresponding silanol derivatives, tetragonal and monoclinic Zr4O8 clusters (t/m-Zr4O8) and silanol-decorated tetragonal/monoclinic ZrO2 complexes (silanol-t/m-ZrO2), were constructed to analyze the chemical interaction between zirconia and amino silanes with different molecular structures using thermodynamic calculations. The reaction sites were further predicted by orbital-weighted dual descriptor (DD). RESULTS: Changes in Gibbs free energy (ΔG) values of total chemical reactions between AEAPTMS and t-ZrO2 was -397.337 kJ/mol, which was lower than the other three silanes, indicating that AEAPTMS had the strongest spontaneous reaction tendencies with t-ZrO2. Even if zirconia underwent low temperature degradation (LTD), AEAPTMS could still spontaneously react with m-Zr4O8 to form Zr-O-Si bonds. The blue isosurfaces around the primary and secondary amine groups of AEAPTMS suggested that DD here was negative with highly nucleophilic, which could easily be attacked by electrophilic reagents, resulting in electrophilic reactions and exhibiting characteristics of local Lewis bases, further covalently binding to biomolecules or coatings. CONCLUSIONS: AEAPTMS has strong chemical affinity with zirconia before and after aging, which is expected to construct a strong and stable active surface for zirconia which is not affected by LTD to further graft bioactive molecules. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Multidimensional dilemmas and optimization pathways for dental clinic construction in primary healthcare institutions in the Yangtze River Delta: a qualitative study based on three provinces and one municipality Sun Zhenjun, Zhao Ming, Liu Ziyan, Wang Bixia, Chen Xi, Lu Wenliang, Zhou Zengtong, Liu Jun, Wang Xudong 2026, 35 (5):  470-474.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2026.05.004 Abstract ( 6 )   PDF (826KB) ( 6 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the multidimensional dilemmas confronting the construction of dental clinics in primary healthcare institutions in the Yangtze River Delta region and propose systematic optimization pathways. METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted using literature analysis and semi-structured in-depth interviews with 37 key informants across three provinces and one municipality, encompassing primary oral healthcare administrators and clinicians, administrators and dental specialists from secondary and tertiary institutions, as well as health policymakers and researchers. Core issues were distilled using an ecological systems theory. RESULTS: Although dental clinics in the Yangtze River Delta region developed rapidly, they still faced intertwined multidimensional dilemmas. At the macrosystem level, there existed regional developmental imbalance, absence of unified construction standards, and ambiguous functional positioning. At the mesosystem/exosystem level, two-way referral systems underperformed, hierarchical diagnosis and treatment mechanisms were poorly coordinated, medical-preventive integration remained largely nominal, and information technology support was markedly inadequate. At the microsystem level, the entire talent chain from recruitment and cultivation to retention and utilization was obstructed; salary incentives were poorly aligned with position value; and certain clinics confronted significant operational pressures. CONCLUSIONS: At the macro-institutional level, policy and standard supply should be strengthened to establish a unified, hierarchically progressive construction framework. At the meso-collaborative level, network linkages should be reshaped to facilitate channels for tiered diagnosis and treatment and medical-preventive integration. At the micro-element level, talent empowerment should be prioritized to activate organizational endogenous momentum. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of comprehensive physical therapy on mental health and jaw function of patients with temporomandibular disorder Yao Yuan, Xu Lili, Liu Shasha, Zeng Hong, Jin Lei, Cai Bin, Fang Zhongyi 2026, 35 (5):  475-480.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2026.05.005 Abstract ( 3 )   PDF (730KB) ( 5 )   PURPOSE: To explore the effect of comprehensive physical therapy on improving mental health and mandibular function in patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD). METHODS: A total of 57 TMD patients were recruited from the Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from November 2021 to February 2022. All patients received comprehensive physical therapy, including ultrasonic therapy, low-intensity laser therapy, low-frequency pulsed electrical therapy, and manual therapy. Before and after treatment, the pain levels at rest, at the end of mouth opening, and during chewing, as well as the maximum active mouth opening, were evaluated. Meanwhile, the mandibular function and mental state were assessed using the Jaw Functional Limitation Scale (JFLS), Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). RESULTS: After treatment, the pain score at the end of mouth opening decreased from 2 (4) points to 1 (1) points (P<0.05), the pain scores during chewing decreased from 2 (3) points to 0 (0) points (P<0.05), and the maximum active mouth opening increased from (28.49±6.49) mm to 38.00 (4.50) mm (P<0.05). The JFLS score for mandibular function significantly decreased (P<0.05). The scores of PHQ-15, PHQ-9, and GAD-7 all significantly decreased (P<0.05); the proportions of patients with mild or higher levels of anxiety, depression, and somatization symptoms significantly reduced (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Comprehensive physical therapy can effectively improve physical symptoms such as pain and mouth opening function in TMD patients, and also have a positive impact on mental health issues such as anxiety and depression. Moreover, the improvement of mental state is correlated with the recovery of physical functions. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of the effect of recombinant bovine basic fibroblast growth factor gel combined with slimmer aesthetic suture in the treatment of maxillofacial trauma Dong Jianwei, Yue Peng, Chen Wenjing 2026, 35 (5):  481-485.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2026.05.006 Abstract ( 3 )   PDF (698KB) ( 5 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of recombinant bovine basic fibroblast growth factor(rb-bFGF) combined with slim-reducing aesthetic suture in the treatment of maxillofacial trauma. METHODS: A total of 98 patients with maxillofacial trauma admitted to Shangluo Central Hospital from June 2020 to June 2024 were selected and divided into the control group and the experimental group by the random number table method, with 49 cases in each group. The control group was treated with slim-reducing aesthetic suture, while the experimental group was treated with rb-bFGF combined with slim-reducing aesthetic suture. The clinical efficacy, wound healing, inflammatory factors [tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and epidermal growth factor (EGF)], scar conditions [Patient And Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS), Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS)] and incidence of complications were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The total efficacy rate in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group. The epidermal growth time, wound healing time and postoperative scar length were all significantly shorter than those in the experimental group. At 7 and 14 days after operation, the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group at different time points, and the levels of EGF were significantly higher than those in the control group. Three and six months after operation, POSAS and VSS scores were significantly lower in the experimental group(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the rate of complications between the two groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: rb-bFGF combined with slim-reducing aesthetic suture can significantly improve the total effective rate of treatment for maxillofacial trauma, accelerates wound healing, reduces postoperative scarring, decreases inflammatory factor levels, and improves scar scores without increasing the incidence of complications in the treatment of maxillofacial trauma. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of the effect of dental operating microscope combined with ultrasound technology in root canal retreatment Li Ruijiao, Ma Fei, Mao Shun, Min Qian 2026, 35 (5):  486-490.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2026.05.007 Abstract ( 3 )   PDF (699KB) ( 5 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of dental operating microscope combined with ultrasound technology in root canal retreatment. METHODS: A total of 79 patients requiring root canal retreatment admitted from March 2023 to March 2025 were selected and divided into the control group (n=39, conventional root canal retreatment) and the experimental group(n=40, dental operating microscope combined with ultrasonic technology) using a random number table method. During the follow-up, 2 patients in the experimental group were lost to follow-up due to personal reasons for not attending scheduled visits on time, and 1 patient in the control group was lost due to a change in contact information. Ultimately, 38 patients in each group were included in the final analysis.The clinical efficacy, pain intensity, filling quality, inflammatory markers, the number of missed canals and the incidence of adverse events were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The overall effective rate in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). Visual analog scale (VAS) scores of pain at 24, 72 hours post-treatment were significantly lower in the experimental group than the control group (P<0.05). The quality of filling in the experimental group was significantly better than that in the control group (P=0.015). After treatment, the serum levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). In the experimental group, missed root canals were detected in 12 cases (31.58%), which was significantly greater than that in the control group (3 cases, 7.89%) (P=0.021). There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse events between the two groups(P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The combination of dental operating microscope and ultrasonic technology significantly improves the clinical efficacy of root canal retreatment, enhances the quality of root canal cleaning and filling, reduces postoperative pain and discomfort for patients, and demonstrates a favorable safety profile. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of the effects of Twin-block appliances in children with skeletal ClassⅡmalocclusion and mandibular retrusion: a randomized controlled study Niu Yirui, Ji Xiaoting, Qi Kun 2026, 35 (5):  491-496.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2026.05.008 Abstract ( 3 )   PDF (779KB) ( 5 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of Twin-block appliance in children with skeletal ClassⅡmalocclusion and mandibular retrusion. METHODS: A total of 85 children with skeletal ClassⅡmalocclusion and mandibular retrusion admitted from March 2022 to March 2024 were selected and randomly divided into the straight-wire group (n=42) and the Twin-block group (n=43). The straight-wire group was treated with straight-wire appliance, while the Twin-block group was treated with Twin-block appliance. The clinical efficacy, masticatory function, bite force, mandibular changes, aesthetic outcomes and facial soft tissue profile indices were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The clinical efficacy of the Twin-block group was significantly higher than that of the straight-wire group (P<0.05). After the treatment, the masticatory function and bite force in the Twin-block group were significantly greater than those in the straight-wire group (P<0.05). The condylar length, mandibular body length, mandibular ramus height and SNB angle in the Twin-block group were significantly greater than those in the straight-wire group (P<0.05). The proportions of favorable anterior overjet/overbite and good posterior occlusion in the Twin-block group were significantly higher than the straight-wire group, while U1-SN and L1-MP angles were significantly lower (P<0.05). The nasolabial angle (NLA) and facial angle of the Twin-block group were significantly higher than those of the straight-wire group, and the Holdaway angle (H angle) was significantly lower than that of the straight-wire group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Twin-block appliance can effectively improve the masticatory function and bite force, promote the growth of the mandible and the improvement of the sagittal position, and significantly improve the facial soft tissue profile in the treatment of skeletal Class Ⅱ children with mandibular retrusion. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of 3D-printed personalized titanium mesh combined with CGF membrane in alveolar ridge defect and implant restoration of the maxillary anterior region Peng Shasha, Zhou Xiang 2026, 35 (5):  497-502.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2026.05.009 Abstract ( 3 )   PDF (820KB) ( 5 )   PURPOSE: To analyze the effect of 3D-printed personalized titanium mesh combined with concentrated growth factor (CGF) membrane in alveolar ridge defect and implant restoration of the maxillary anterior region. METHODS: A total of 86 patients with maxillary single anterior tooth missing who were treated from January 2022 to January 2024 were selected and divided into the control group (3D printing personalized titanium mesh, n=43) and the experimental group (3D printing personalized titanium mesh combined with CGF membrane, n=43) according to the random number table method. The alveolar ridge bone volume, pain degree, aesthetic effect before implantation, bone resorption, implant stability and the occurrence of complications after implantation were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Before implantation, the vertical bone volume of the alveolar ridge and the bone volume on the labial and palatal sides in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). One week after implantation, the pain degree scores of both groups significantly decreased (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). Six months after implantation, the pink esthetic score-white esthetic score (PES-WES) of the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05); the horizontal bone resorption amount of the alveolar ridge in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference in the vertical bone resorption amount between the two groups(P>0.05). The rate of excellent stability of the implants in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group(P<0.05). No serious complications occurred after the transplantation in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The application of 3D-printed personalized titanium mesh combined with CGF membrane for alveolar ridge defect and implant restoration of the maxillary anterior region can significantly increase pre-implantation alveolar bone volume, improve pink-white esthetic outcomes after implantation, reduce horizontal bone resorption, and enhance implant stability. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of the clinical efficacy of Er:YAG laser combined with antibiotics in the treatment of children with stage Ⅲ grade C periodontitis Cai Jia, Jiang Yu 2026, 35 (5):  503-507.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2026.05.010 Abstract ( 3 )   PDF (626KB) ( 5 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of Er:YAG laser combined with antibiotics in the treatment of children with stage Ⅲ grade C periodontitis. METHODS: A total of 94 children with stage Ⅲ grade C periodontitis admitted between June 2021 and February 2025 were randomly divided into control group (n=47, mechanical debridement + antibiotics) and experimental group (n=47, Er:YAG laser combined on the basis of the control group). Clinical efficacy, periodontal indicators [probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL) and plaque index (PLI)], serum inflammatory markers [interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)], positive rate of bleeding on probing (BOP), bone density changes and adverse events were compared. RESULTS: The total effective rate was significantly higher in the experimental group (89.36%, 42/47) than in the control group (70.21%, 33/47) (P<0.05). After treatment, PD, CAL and PLI were significantly lower in the experimental group (P<0.05). Serum levels of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 were also reduced in the experimental group (P<0.05). The BOP-positive rate in the experimental group (14.89%, 7/47) was significantly lower than that in the control group (34.04%, 16/47) (P<0.05),bone resorption was significantly decreased, and bone density was significantly increased in the experimental group(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Er:YAG laser combined with antibiotics can significantly reduces the BOP-positive rate, improves periodontal inflammation and bone density, and demonstrates good safety in children with stage Ⅲ grade C periodontitis. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of the effect of pulp capping in the treatment of living pulp preservation in young permanent teeth and factors affecting treatment failure Wang Mingxian, Yue Chuan, Zhang Qingqing 2026, 35 (5):  508-512.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2026.05.011 Abstract ( 3 )   PDF (636KB) ( 5 )   PURPOSE: To explore the efficacy of pulp capping in the preservation of vital pulp in young permanent teeth and to analyze the factors influencing treatment failure. METHODS: A total of 284 patients who underwent pulp preservation surgery for young permanent teeth at the Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University Cadet School from August 2023 to November 2024 were selected. The patients were divided into direct pulp capping group (142 cases) and indirect pulp capping group (142 cases) based on the pulp exposure status during operation. The postoperative treatment effects and adverse reactions/complications of the two groups were compared, and univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the influencing factors of treatment failure. RESULTS: The success rates of pulp preservation treatment for young permanent teeth in the direct pulp capping group and the indirect pulp capping group were 88.03% (125/142) and 90.14% (128/142), respectively. The overall treatment success rate was 89.08% (253/284), with a treatment failure rate of 10.92% (31/284). The incidence rates of adverse reactions/complications in the young permanent teeth pulp preservation treatment between the direct pulp capping group and the indirect pulp capping group were 9.15% (13/142) and 7.75% (11/142) respectively. Comparison of age, sex, damaged site, whether there was significant bleeding from the pulp, patient compliance, whether root development was complete, and postoperative oral hygiene between patients with successful treatment and those with failure showed no significant differences (P>0.05). The percentage of caries-derived pulp exposure, the percentage of moderate-to-severe pulp infection, and the percentage of pulp capping agents that did not fit tightly to the pulp were higher in patients with treatment failure than in patients with treatment success (P<0.05). Caries-derived pulp exposure, moderate-to-severe pulp infection, and lack of tight fit between the capping agent and the pulp were all factors influencing the failure of pulp capping in the treatment of living pulp preservation in young permanent teeth, as analyzed by a multifactorial logistic regression model (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Pulp capping is efficacious in the treatment of living pulp preservation in young permanent teeth. Caries-derived pulp exposure, moderate-to-severe pulp infection, and lack of a tight fit between the capping agent and the pulp are influential factors affecting the failure of pulp capping. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of the effect of pulpectomy combined with crown reattachment in the restoration of permanent anterior teeth crowns in children Cao Yan, Ji Jingyan, Liu Yingping 2026, 35 (5):  513-517.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2026.05.012 Abstract ( 3 )   PDF (613KB) ( 5 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of pulpectomy combined with crown reattachment in the restoration of permanent anterior teeth crowns in children. METHODS: Eighty children with anterior tooth crown fracture and pulp exposure due to trauma who were admitted to Shanxi Children's Hospital from January 2022 to January 2024 were selected and divided into the fractured crown fragment group (n=42) and non-fractured crown fragment group (n=38) according to the retention status of the crown fracture fragments. All the children underwent pulpectomy, the group not carrying the broken crown received resin repair, while the group carrying the broken crown received reattachment of the broken crown. The successful restoration rates, periodontal condition[sulcus bleeding index (SBI), plaque index (PLI) and gingival crevicular fluid volume], aesthetic condition and quality of life [Oral Health Impact Profile(OHIP-14) Score] were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The success rate of repair in the fractured crown fragment group was significantly higher than that in the non-fractured crown fragment group at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment (P<0.05). At 12 months after treatment, the SBI, PLI and gingival crevicular fluid volume in the fractured crown fragment group were significantly lower than those in the non-fractured crown fragment group(P<0.05). For the aesthetic scores 12 months treatment, the scores of marginal closure and marginal staining in the fractured crown fragment group were significantly lower than those in the non-fractured crown fragment group(P<0.05), while there were no significant differences in the scores of fracture and retention, secondary caries, and postoperative sensitivity between the two groups (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in OHIP-14 scores between the two groups after 12 months of treatment (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The combination of pulpectomy combined with crown reattachment can significantly increase the success rate of restoration, improve the periodontal condition and enhance the aesthetic condition in the restoration of permanent anterior teeth crowns in children. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Digital design and application of the surgical guide for parotid tumors: from "empirical surgery" to "precision surgery" Lu Hao, Xu Wanlin, Huang Lingli, Wu Yifan, Liu Shengwen, Yang Wenjun 2026, 35 (5):  518-523.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2026.05.013 Abstract ( 3 )   PDF (1710KB) ( 4 )   PURPOSE: To explore the advantages of digital surgical guide-assisted parotidectomy for parotid tumors compared with traditional parotidectomy. METHODS: A total of 20 patients with parotid tumors admitted to Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital from January 2023 to December 2024 were included. Among them, the experimental group (n=10) underwent preoperative design of a digital surgical guide, 3D printing of the guide, and parotidectomy guided by the device. The control group (n=10) received parotidectomy via the traditional modified Blair incision. Perioperative related indicators, postoperative complications, and incision aesthetics during postoperative follow-up were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The intraoperative bleeding volume of the experimental group was significantly less than that of the control group (P=0.004), the postoperative drainage volume of the experimental group was significantly less than that of the control group (P=0.007), and the incision aesthetics of the experimental group during postoperative follow-up were significantly superior to those of the control group (P=0.015). No significant differences were observed in other indicators between the two groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with traditional empirical surgery, digital surgical guide-assisted parotidectomy for parotid tumors is more precise, resulting in more aesthetically pleasing incisions, and satisfactory clinical outcomes. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The levels and clinical significance of miR-218-5p and miR-153-3p in gingival crevicular fluid and serum of patients with chronic periodontitis Chen Xiaoxu, Zhang Qian, Pan Yue 2026, 35 (5):  524-529.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2026.05.014 Abstract ( 3 )   PDF (762KB) ( 4 )   PURPOSE: To analyze the expression levels of miR-218-5p and miR-153-3p in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum of patients with chronic periodontitis (CP), and to explore their clinical significance. METHODS: A total of 142 CP patients admitted to Wuhan Third Hospital from September 2022 to September 2024 were selected as the CP group, which was further divided into mild CP subgroup (n=56), moderate CP subgroup (n=51), and severe CP subgroup (n=35). Meanwhile, 80 individuals with healthy periodontium were selected as the control group. qRT-PCR was used to detect the relative expression levels of miR-218-5p and miR-153-3p in GCF and serum of subjects in both groups. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to explore the correlations between these two microRNAs and periodontal probing depth (PD), attachment loss at the cementoenamel junction (AL), and plaque index (PLI). Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the associations between the two microRNAs and the severity of CP. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to evaluate the efficacy of miR-218-5p and miR-153-3p in predicting moderate to severe CP. RESULTS: The proportion of patients with smoking history, PD, AL and PLI in the CP group were significantly higher than those in the periodontally healthy group (P<0.05). The expression levels of miR-218-5p and miR-153-3p in GCF and serum of the CP group were significantly lower than those in the periodontally healthy group (P<0.05). With the aggravation of CP severity, the expression levels of miR-218-5p and miR-153-3p gradually decreased, and the levels in the severe CP subgroup were significantly lower than those in the moderate and mild CP subgroups (P<0.05). Pearson analysis showed that the expression levels of miR-218-5p and miR-153-3p in GCF and serum of CP patients were negatively correlated with PD, AL, and PLI (P<0.05). Spearman analysis showed that both microRNAs were negatively correlated with the severity of CP (P<0.05). ROC curve analysis revealed that the areas under the curve (AUC) of GCF miR-218-5p, GCF miR-153-3p, serum miR-218-5p, and serum miR-153-3p for predicting moderate-to-severe CP were 0.784, 0.796, 0.749 and 0.684, respectively. The AUC of the combined detection of the four markers increased to 0.909, with significantly improved sensitivity (81.13%) and specificity (91.67%, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The expression levels of miR-218-5p and miR-153-3p in GCF and serum of CP patients are significantly decreased, which are negatively correlated with the degree of periodontal destruction and disease severity. These two microRNAs can be used as effective indicators for predicting the occurrence of moderate-to-severe CP. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the influence of comprehensive pediatric dental behavior management approach integrating whole-process situational immersion on children's compliance during dental visits Zhang Ying, Cui Jingjing, Su Hongru, Zhang Ling 2026, 35 (5):  530-534.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2026.05.015 Abstract ( 5 )   PDF (723KB) ( 4 )   PURPOSE: To explore the influence of comprehensive pediatric dental behavior management approach integrating whole-process situational experience on children's compliance during dental visits, and provide reference for comfortable pediatric dental diagnosis and treatment. METHODS: A total of 120 children aged 3-6 years with early childhood caries (ECC) who first visited the Department of Pediatric Dentistry of Shanghai Xuhui District Stomatological Hospital from January to May 2025 were selected and divided into the intervention group (n=60) and the control group (n=60) by random number table method. The control group received conventional behavior management, while the intervention group added whole-process situational experience intervention on the basis of conventional behavior management. The modified Chinese version of Children's Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS) was used to assess children's anxiety and fear before and after treatment. The Venham clinical anxiety and cooperative behavior rating scale was used to evaluate children's compliance during visits. The Client Satisfaction Questionnaire-8 (CSQ-8) was used to assess parents' satisfaction with medical services. RESULTS: After treatment, the CFSS-DS scores of both groups were significantly lower than those before treatment (P<0.01), and the score of the intervention group (23.68±7.26) was significantly lower than that of the control group (26.97±10.00) (P<0.05). The Venham scale rating of the intervention group was significantly better than that of the control group (P<0.01). The clinical cooperation rate and treatment completion rate of the intervention group were higher than those of the control group(P<0.05). The CSQ-8 score of parents in the intervention group (27.00±2.96) was significantly higher than that in the control group (22.80±4.76) (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The comprehensive pediatric dental behavior management approach integrating whole-process situational experience can effectively alleviate children's anxiety and fear during dental visits, improve their compliance and treatment completion rate, and enhance parents' satisfaction. It is a safe and efficient new strategy for pediatric dental behavior management. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Extracorporeal shock wave therapy for pain in temporomandibular disorders and mediation effect analysis Yang Yang, Dong Yangjun, He Ying, Xu Lili, Fang Zhongyi 2026, 35 (5):  535-542.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2026.05.016 Abstract ( 3 )   PDF (1059KB) ( 4 )   PURPOSE: To compare the therapeutic efficacy of conventional physical therapy alone versus its combination with extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) in patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD), and to analyze the utility of ESWT in the treatment of this condition. METHODS: A prospective cohort study design was adopted. Eighty-five TMD patients were enrolled and divided into a conventional treatment group (n=44) and a combined treatment group (n=41). The conventional treatment group received a standardized physical therapy regimen, while the combined treatment group received additional ESWT once weekly based on a standardized physical therapy regimen. Assessments were conducted before and after treatment, measuring pain intensity, maximum mouth opening, jaw function, and psychobehavioral indicators including somatization, depression, anxiety, sleep quality, and pain catastrophizing. Paired sample t-tests, non-parametric tests, and multivariate analysis of covariance were employed for within-group and between-group comparisons. Mediation analysis was further conducted to explore the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS: Post-treatment, both groups showed significant improvements in pain, mouth opening, jaw function, and most psychobehavioral indicators compared to baseline. The combined treatment group demonstrated superior pain relief compared to the conventional treatment group and exhibited a significant advantage in reducing pain catastrophizing. Multivariate analysis of covariance revealed that ESWT had an independent effect on pain improvement, while its direct effect on pain catastrophizing was not significant. Mediation analysis indicated that pain improvement played a significant mediating role between the treatment modality and the reduction in pain catastrophizing. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of ESWT with conventional physical therapy more effectively alleviates pain in TMD patients and indirectly improves pain catastrophizing cognition through pain relief, providing new clinical evidence for TMD treatment. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of the intervention effect of probiotics on peri-implant tissue diseases Yang Ziqian, Huang Ying, Yang Xu 2026, 35 (5):  543-548.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2026.05.017 Abstract ( 3 )   PDF (815KB) ( 4 )   PURPOSE: To explore the intervention effect of probiotics combined with conventional treatment on patients with peri-implant diseases, focusing on analyzing its impact on clinical indicators [probe depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP)] and the structure of the oral microbial community, so as to provide evidence-based basis for clinical treatment. METHODS: A total of 111 patients with peri-implant diseases admitted to Cangzhou People's Hospital from January 2022 to December 2023 were selected and divided into the probiotic group (n=55) and control group (n=56) using a randomized controlled design. Both groups received mechanical cleaning + ultrasonic subgingival scaling. On this basis, the probiotic group took a probiotic preparation containing Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium daily (2×109 CFU/d), while the control group took a placebo. The treatment course for both groups was 12 weeks. Before and after treatment, PD, CAL, and BOP were measured; the microbial communities in saliva and subgingival plaque were analyzed via 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing; meanwhile, the levels of inflammatory factors (IL-1β, TNF-α, CRP) in gingival crevicular fluid and saliva were detected, and adverse reactions were recorded. RESULTS: After 12 weeks of treatment, PD in the probiotic group decreased from (4.7±0.8) mm to (3.1±0.5) mm, while PD in the control group decreased from (4.6±0.7) mm to (3.7±0.6) mm, with significant difference (P<0.01). CAL in the probiotic group improved from (5.5±1.0) mm to (4.1±0.8) mm, while CAL in the control group improved from (5.4±1.1) mm to (4.7±0.9) mm, with a statistically significant difference (P<0.05); the rate of BOP in the probiotic group decreased from 65% to 25%, while the rate of BOP in the control group decreased from 67% to 40%, with significant difference (P<0.01). The results of microbial community analysis showed that the proportion of pathogenic bacteria in the probiotic group decreased significantly, while the proportion of beneficial bacteria increased significantly (P<0.01). In terms of inflammatory factors, the levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and CRP in the probiotic group decreased significantly after treatment (P<0.01), and were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.01). No severe adverse reactions occurred in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Probiotics combined with conventional treatment can significantly improve the clinical symptoms of patients with peri-implant diseases, optimize the structure of oral microbial community, inhibit the inflammatory response with good safety, which has high clinical application value. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Incidence of temporomandibular disorders in orthodontic adult patients and general population Zhang Hengjing, Cai Yijin, Wang Yuzhuo, Yin Wanting, Lu Wenting, Zhao Ning 2026, 35 (5):  549-554.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2026.05.018 Abstract ( 3 )   PDF (880KB) ( 4 )   PURPOSE: To explore the differences in the prevalence and symptom distribution of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) between adult patients at their first orthodontic visit and the general population. METHODS: A total of 103 adult patients who visited the Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from June to August 2024 were selected as the experimental group, while 110 age-matched individuals without a history of orthodontic treatment were included as the control group. Under the guidance of specialists, all participants completed a questionnaire survey covering TMD diagnostic criteria (DC/TMD), chronic pain grades, and mandibular function limitation. Logistic regression analysis and Chi-square test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Among the 213 subjects, the overall prevalence of TMD was 46.01%. The prevalence in females (47.26%) was slightly higher than that in males (43.28%), but there was no significant difference (P>0.05). The prevalence of TMD in orthodontic initial consultation patients (54.37%) was significantly higher than that in the general population (38.18%) (P<0.05). The positive rates of symptoms such as joint clicking (38.8% vs. 16.4%) and mandibular locking during closing (19.4% vs. 7.3%) in orthodontic patients were significantly higher than those in the general population (P<0.05). Pain was the most common symptom in the general population (19.1%), while joint clicking was the primary symptom in orthodontic patients. 78.9% of TMD patients had no pain in the past 6 months (grade 0), and only a few had mild to severe pain (grades Ⅰ-Ⅲ). TMD patients showed significant differences from healthy individuals in mandibular function limitations such as "biting a whole apple" and "yawning"(P<0.05), and the Jaw Functional Limitation Scale (JFLS) was positively correlated with the degree of pain. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of TMD in adult patients at their first orthodontic visit is significantly higher than that in the general population. TMD may prompt patients to seek orthodontic treatment by causing symptoms such as craniofacial deformities, occlusal disorders, and pain. Clinicians should pay attention to the prevalence of TMD and mandibular function status in orthodontic patients. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of virtual simulation training based on clinical cases in fixed prosthodontics internship Jia Shuang, Zhong Qun, Wang Jue, He Jiajing, Gao Yuan, Gong Zhicheng 2026, 35 (5):  555-560.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2026.05.019 Abstract ( 3 )   PDF (1019KB) ( 4 )   PURPOSE: To explore the application and evaluation of aesthetic design based on actual clinical cases and virtual simulation training of tooth preparation for anterior crown restoration in fixed prosthodontics internships. METHODS: A total of 58 full-time dental undergraduates from the 2020 and 2021 grades of School of Stomatology, Fudan University were selected as research objects. A combined teaching mode of "actual clinical cases + virtual simulation tooth preparation training" was adopted. With the help of intraoral scanning system, digital smile design (DSD) and virtual simulation technology, "digital patients" were constructed using real clinical patient data to guide students in completing aesthetic design and tooth preparation training in the virtual simulation system. The students' operation effects before and after training were evaluated with reference to the scoring standards for full crown preparation in the practical skills examination for dental practitioners. RESULTS: After the virtual simulation training of tooth preparation based on clinical cases, the students' DSD aesthetic design skills were significantly improved, and their operation process of tooth preparation became more proficient. The assessment indicators of the smoothness of the preparation body, the shoulder margin, the occlusal surface morphology, and the pass rate were all significantly improved compared with those before the training, and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Virtual simulation dental preparation training based on actual clinical cases can effectively improve the DSD design skills and dental preparation level of interns, laying a solid foundation for clinical practice. References | Related Articles | Metrics