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25 August 2025, Volume 34 Issue 4 Previous Issue   

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The effects of polycaprolactone / gelatin electrospun membranes on MC3T3-E1 osteogenic properties Lin Yanyin, Xie Zeyu, Lai Yingzhen, Wu Yongmin, Gao Yuerong 2025, 34 (4):  337-345.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2025.04.001 Abstract ( 13 )   PDF (2435KB) ( 5 )   PURPOSE: To study the effect of electrospinning polycaprolactone (PCL) /gelatin (GE) composite material as a guided bone regeneration membrane on osteogenic properties of mouse embryonic osteoblast precursor cells MC3T3-E1. METHODS: The electrospinning technology was used to fabricate different ratios of PCL/GE nanofiber membranes on tinfoil, and the GE ratios of 0%, 30% and 50% were grouped as PCL, P7G3 and P5G5, with pure PCL as the control group. The morphology, composition, and hydrophilicity were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), contact angle measurement, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). CCK-8 was used to detect the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 on the material. The cell adhesion morphology was observed by SEM, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and alizarin red staining (ARS) were used to study osteogenic differentiation. The expression levels of osteogenic differentiation related genes were detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 8 software. RESULTS: SEM showed that the electrospun membranes exhibited a fibrous structure, contact angle measuring instrument showed increasing hydrophilicity of electrospun membranes mixed with gelatin. The successful addition of gelatin was displayed by FTIR and XPS. The results of cell proliferation indicated that all groups of materials had good cell activity, and group P7G3 had the best cell proliferation, and the difference was statistically significant. ALP, ARS showed that group PCL/GE had a promoting effect on cell osteogenic differentiation. qRT-PCR indicated that the expression level of osteogenic differentiation related genes were elevated in PCL/GE, with the best in the group of P5G5. CONCLUSIONS: The PCL/GE electrospun membranes has good biocompatibility and the potential to promote cell proliferation, adhesion, and osteogenic differentiation. Among them, the group P7G3 has the best proliferative ability, while the group P5G5 has a better effect in promoting bone formation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Proteomic analysis of dental pulp serum in pulpitis at different stages Sui Xin, Xu Huaxing, Li Jiayang, Qin Zhiming, Ma Zhifei, Zhou Rongrui, Zhou Qiangqiang, Wei Xiaoling 2025, 34 (4):  346-353.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2025.04.002 Abstract ( 13 )   PDF (1732KB) ( 5 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the differentially expressed proteins in dental pulp serum of pulpitis at different stages. METHODS: Dental pulp serum was collected from 9 pulpitis patients and categorized into three groups: initial pulpitis (IP), mild to moderate pulpitis (MP) and severe pulpitis (SP). Proteomics technology was utilized to screen for differentially expressed proteins. Functional annotation and enrichment analysis were then conducted using the Metascape database, while protein-protein interaction analysis was performed with the STRING database. RESULTS: Compared with the IP group, the MP group had 20 upregulated proteins and 23 downregulated proteins, while the SP group had one upregulated protein and 44 downregulated proteins. Compared to the MP group, the SP group had 9 upregulated proteins and 15 downregulated proteins. The differential proteins were mainly involved in key biological processes such as cellular response to stress, adaptive immune response, and the Parkin-ubiquitin proteasomal system. Protein-protein interaction network analysis identified several key functional nodes, including CCT6A. CONCLUSIONS: This study analyzed the differential expression of proteins in dental pulp serum between early, mild to moderate, and severe pulpitis, providing a theoretical basis for accurate diagnosis and clinical decision-making of pulpitis. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of dental-derived stem cells on the biological characteristics of cementoblasts Li Wenwen, Ma Wensheng, Li Yinghui, Zhao Yuan, Li Dongna, Zhai Haoyan, Liu Chunyan 2025, 34 (4):  354-361.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2025.04.003 Abstract ( 11 )   PDF (2422KB) ( 3 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of dental-derived mesenchymal stem cells on the biological characteristics of cementoblasts. METHODS: Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) and dental pulp stem cell (DPSCs) were isolated, flow cytometry was used to detect cell surface markers. Cementoblasts OCCM-30 were coculture with PDLSCs and DPSCs for 12 h and 24 h. Cell proliferation was examined using the CCK-8 method. ALP staining was used to evaluate the osteogenic differentiation of cementoblasts in different treatment groups. Wound healing migration assays and Transwell migration assays were performed to compare the migration of cementoblasts. The expression of MMP9 and MMP13 was assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). RESULTS: The expression rates of CD90 and CD34 of PDLSCs were 99.44% and 0.23%. The expression rates of CD90 and CD34 of DPSCs were 99.93% and 3.47%. Their multipotency were illustrated based on differentiation to abiogenic, osteogenic lineages. Human mesenchymal stem cells promoted the proliferation of cementoblasts(P<0.05). The osteogenic differentiation of cementoblasts was increased after stem cells treatment. The migration of cementoblasts was increased after stem cells treatment (P<0.05), and the expression of MMP9 and MMP13 were enhanced. CONCLUSIONS: Dental-derived stem cells can promote the proliferation, osteogenic differentiation and migration of cementoblasts, playing an active role in cementum restoration and providing a scientific basis for promoting the repair process in root resorption. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Exploration and application of attention mechanism in survival analysis of competitive events in oral cancer Jin Lu, Zhang Rui, Si Misi, Gao Shang, Chen Qianming 2025, 34 (4):  362-368.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2025.04.004 Abstract ( 9 )   PDF (1531KB) ( 4 )   PURPOSE: This study constructed a model of OSAA (oral survival analysis with attention) for survival analysis of competitive events in oral cancer based on attention mechanism, and explored its application value in oral auxiliary diagnosis and treatment of oral cancer. METHODS: Eligible data of oral cancer patient from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program(SEER) database were selected as research subjects. Cox proportional hazards models, deep learning-based survival analysis models (such as DeepSurv, DeepHit), and OSAA models were established and trained for prediction. The predictive performance of each model was tested through concordance index (C-index) and integrated Brier score (IBS) test. The model's discriminative ability was evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier survival curve and the time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. RESULTS: OSAA demonstrated ahigher C-index and a lower IBS on different datasets, with more distinct survival and ROC curves compared to other models. CONCLUSIONS: The OSAA model exhibits superior predictive performance compared to other models, with better robustness and generalization ability under different datasets and tasks. It has a certain value for establishing auxiliary diagnosis and treatment models for oral diseases represented by oral cancer. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Exploration of aesthetic perception changes in female patients after extraction orthodontic treatment by non-orthodontic professionals with higher education in Shanghai Chan Iantong, Mao Yanmin, Lu Yun, Lyu Jinzhao, Li Qiang 2025, 34 (4):  369-374.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2025.04.005 Abstract ( 7 )   PDF (1059KB) ( 14 )   PURPOSE: To explore the factors influencing aesthetic perception changes among non-orthodontic professionals with higher education in Shanghai regarding the maxillofacial appearance of women before and after orthodontic treatment with extractions. METHODS: A total of 18 non-orthodontic professionals (9 men and 9 women) who had received or were receiving higher education in Shanghai were recruited. Using Q-sort technique, the study compared pre- and post-treatment facial soft tissue changes in 48 adult females who underwent orthodontic treatment with extractions. RESULTS: Non-orthodontic professionals with higher education in Shanghai showed significant sensitivity to changes in the lower third of the face, overall facial contour, mouth corners, and chin of women before and after orthodontic treatment (P<0.05). However, changes in the nasolabial fold and upper and lower lips, which were often the focus of orthodontic professionals,didn't show significant differences in aesthetic perception. Female reviewers were more sensitive than male reviewers to aesthetic changes in the chin and lower third of the face, but there was no significant difference in overall facial evaluation. Reviewers born in the 2000s and 1990s demonstrated higher aesthetic sensitivity, while those born in the 1970s and 1980s showed more stable aesthetic evaluations. CONCLUSIONS: Non-orthodontic professionals with higher education experience in Shanghai are more sensitive to the aesthetic changes in the lower 1/3 of the face, chin and other areas after orthodontic treatment with tooth extraction, and the perceived differences are affected by gender and age, which can provide a reference for the design of endpoint goal schemes in clinical orthodontic treatment. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Oral health behaviors and risk factors of 5-year-old children in Yuecheng District, Shaoxing City Cai Lei, Wang Weilin, Zhao Yaqin, Yang Yuyun, Zhang Yanfei 2025, 34 (4):  375-381.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2025.04.006 Abstract ( 9 )   PDF (1046KB) ( 3 )   PURPOSE: To assess the oral health behaviors and risk factors of 5-year-old children in Yuecheng District, Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province, in order to identify major oral health issues and propose measures for improvements. METHODS: This retrospective study was conducted from September to October 2023, involving 5-year-old children from 22 kindergartens in Yuecheng District. The survey was administered after obtaining informed consent from the children's parents, who completed a questionnaire regarding their children's oral health behaviors and awareness, as well as the oral health status of the children. RESULTS: A total of 2 108 online electronic questionnaires were collected, with 1 965(1 063 male and 902 female children) confirmed as complete and valid, achieving an effective response rate of 93.2%. After oral examination of 1 641 children, the form data were complete, and 1 635 valid data were obtained (826 male and 809 female children), with a completion rate of 99.6%. The average number of decayed, missing, and filled primary teeth (dmft) for 5-year-old children were 3.95, 0.01 and 0.66, respectively. In Yuecheng District, the averages for decayed and filled primary teeth were significantly higher than the national average in 2018. The survey results indicated that the frequency of sweet food consumption of children in Yuecheng District was significantly lower than the national average, while the habits of brushing teeth, parental assistance in brushing and the use of fluoride toothpaste were significantly higher than the national average. The positive attitude and awareness rate of parents of 5-year-old children on oral health in Yuecheng District were significantly higher than the national average(P<0.05). Univariate analysis of the factors influencing oral health in 5-year-old children showed that the presence of dental caries was significantly associated with dietary habits, oral hygiene behaviors, parental attitudes toward oral health and parental knowledge of oral health (P<0.05). The independent risk factors for dental caries in 5-year-old children in Yuecheng District were eating sweets and candies more than twice a day(OR=1.065), drinking sweetened beverages more than twice a day(OR=1.189) and drinking sweetened milk or formula more than twice a day (OR=1.234, P<0.05). The independent protective factors for dental caries in 5-year-old children in the same region included brushing teeth daily(OR=0.863), brushing teeth twice or more per day(OR=0.884), using fluoride toothpaste(OR=0.876), parental assistance with brushing(OR=0.814), regular dental check-ups(OR=0.834), belief that bacteria can cause caries(OR=0.862), awareness that sugar can lead to caries(OR=0.799), the need for treatment of caries in deciduous teeth(OR=0.860) and the protective effect of fluoride on teeth(OR=0.823, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The higher DMFT and filling rates of 5-year-old children in Yuecheng District of Shaoxing City indicate better oral hygiene conditions. The positive influence of parents' proactive attitudes and higher levels of oral health knowledge has positively impacted children's oral health. It is necessary to strengthen the control of children's sweet food intake and improve parents' oral health awareness to further reduce the occurrence of children's oral health problems. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of the effect of digital smile design combined with minimally invasive laser crown lengthening and its effect on Liébart smile line Xu Ying, Liu Yuan 2025, 34 (4):  382-386.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2025.04.007 Abstract ( 8 )   PDF (616KB) ( 4 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of digital smile design combined with minimally invasive laser crown lengthening and the effect on Liébart smile line. METHODS: From January 2021 to May 2023, a total 108 patients receiving crown restoration treatment were selected and assigned to control group (n=54, receiving laser minimally invasive crown lengthening alone) and experimental group (n=54, receiving digital smile design in addition to the control group's treatment) using a random number table. Periodontal health indicators, restoration margin-related distance indicators, tooth mobility, Liébart smile line classification and aesthetic standard scores were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Six months after treatment, the plaque index (PLI), probing depth (PD) and bleeding index (BI) of the experimental group were significantly lower than those of the control group. Additionally, the restoration margin to bone crest distance(RM-BC) and restoration margin to gingival margin distance (RM-GM) were significantly higher in the experimental group(P<0.05). Fourteen days after treatment, tooth mobility of the experimental group was significantly less than the control group (P<0.05). Six months after treatment, the Liébart smile line classification was superior in the experimental group (P<0.05);the pink esthetic score (PES) and white esthetic score (WES) of the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group(P<0.05). After one year of follow-up, there was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse events between the two groups(P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Digital smile design combined with minimally invasive laser crown lengthening can significantly improve the clinical efficacy and aesthetic effect of smile line in patients with crown restoration. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of aesthetic effect between immediate and delayed implant restoration of single maxillary anterior tooth Liu Bingyao, Yu Yue, Wu Yingying, He Maodian, Zhang Fangqi 2025, 34 (4):  387-391.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2025.04.008 Abstract ( 7 )   PDF (548KB) ( 3 )   PURPOSE: To compare the aesthetic effects of immediate implant restoration and delayed implant restoration of single maxillary anterior tooth. METHODS: A total of 163 patients who underwent single anterior tooth implantation in the maxilla at Taikang Xianlin Drum Tower Hospital from January 2020 to May 2023 were selected. They were divided into immediate implant restoration group(n=75) and delayed implant restoration group(n=88). In the immediate implant restoration group, a temporary implant was installed and implanted immediately after extraction, while in the delayed implant restoration group, the implant was implanted 3-6 months after extraction and repaired after the implant was stabilized. The outcomes, including implant success rate, soft tissue aesthetics, implant stability, aesthetic outcomes, periodontal health, pink esthetic score (PES), white esthetic score (WES), bone resorption after 12 months and subjective satisfaction were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: After exclusion, totally 62 patients in the immediate implant restoration group and 64 patients in the delayed implant restoration group were included in the analysis. Both groups had a 100% implant success rate with no significant difference between the two groups(P>0.05). The immediate implant restoration group was significantly better in terms of soft tissue aesthetics and implant stability compared to the delayed implant restoration group(P<0.05). Aesthetic effect scores for the immediate implant restoration group were significantly higher than those of the delayed group at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months postoperatively(P<0.05). The periodontal tissue health of the immediate implant restoration group was significantly better than that of the delayed group at various time points(P<0.05). PES and WES scores of immediate implant restoration group were significantly better than those of the delayed group(P<0.05). At 12 months after surgery, bone resorption in the immediate implant restoration group was significantly lower than that in the delayed group, subjective satisfaction score was significantly higher than that in the delayed group(P<0.05), and there was no significant difference in color satisfaction between the two groups(P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Immediate implant restoration of maxillary single anterior teeth is superior to delayed implant restoration in soft tissue aesthetic effect, implant stability and patient satisfaction, which is suitable for patients with high aesthetic requirements. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of the clinical efficacy of 3D-printed individualized titanium mesh in the treatment of complex alveolar bone defects Shui Yuhao, Zhang Yingying, He Xiuquan, Li Yushan, Liu Kun 2025, 34 (4):  392-397.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2025.04.009 Abstract ( 6 )   PDF (1519KB) ( 6 )   PURPOSE: To analyze the clinical efficacy of 3D-printing individualized titanium mesh (3D-PITM) technology in the treatment of complex alveolar bone defects. METHODS: A total of 22 patients with complex alveolar bone defects were selected for treatment with 3D-PITM. Mimics 21.0 software was used to reconstruct the CBCT data before surgery, immediately after surgery, and 6 months after surgery. Alveolar bone width and bone height increase were measured and postoperative complications were recorded. Buccal keratinized gingival width was measured before and after bone grafting, and the correlation between the change of keratinized gingival width and the amount of bone grafting immediately after surgery was analyzed. RESULTS: Six months post-grafting, there was significant increase in horizontal bone gain (4.21±1.03) mm and vertical bone gain (4.24±1.12) mm (P<0.001). One patient experienced postoperative infection, with no other complications reported. Six months after grafting, the width of the keratinized gingiva on the buccal side was significantly reduced by (1.19±0.20) mm compared to pre-graft measurements (P<0.001). The reduction in keratinized gingival width was positively correlated with the immediate postoperative bone volume (r=0.80, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: 3D-PITM can effectively complete complex bone augmentation with low incidence of complications, but there is a reduction in the buccal keratinized gingivitis after bone augmentation, and the reduction is positively correlated with the amount of bone grafting immediately after surgery. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of biologically oriented preparation technique and conventional dental preparation in total crown restoration Guo Ling, Xu Longfen 2025, 34 (4):  398-402.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2025.04.010 Abstract ( 8 )   PDF (660KB) ( 7 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the value of biologically oriented preparation technique and conventional dental preparation in total crown restoration. METHODS: A total of 93 patients who underwent total crown restoration from January 2020 to November 2022 were selected, and were divided into experimental group and control group according to different dental preparation techniques. The control group was treated with conventional dental preparation (46 cases, 74 teeth), while the experimental group was treated with BOPT (47 cases, 75 teeth). Periodontal health indicators [plaque index (PI), gingival index (gingival index), probing depth (PD) and gingival thickness (GT)] were evaluated at 3 months, 6 months, 1 year and 2 years after treatment. The incidence of complications and patients' satisfaction were compared. RESULTS: In the control group, PI increased with time, reaching the highest value (2.20±0.57) at 1 year and decreasing to (1.70±0.66) at 2 years. PI of the experimental group reached the highest value (2.61±0.52) at the 3rd month, decreased at the 6th month, decreased to close to before treatment at the 1st year, and was significantly lower than before treatment at the 2nd year(P<0.001). The GI of the two groups decreased with the extension of time, and the GI of the experimental group at 6 months, 1 year and 2 years after treatment was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.001). The PD of the two groups decreased with the extension of time, and the PD of the control group increased at 6 months after treatment, and the PD of the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group at 6 months, 1 year and 2 years after treatment (P<0.001). Buccal GT of the two groups decreased with the extension of time, and the GT of the experimental group at 6 months, 1 year and 2 years after treatment was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). The incidence of biological complications in the experimental group (2.67%) was significantly lower than that in the control group (10.81%)(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of mechanical complications between the two groups (P>0.05). The total complication rate of the experimental group (4.00%) was significantly lower than that of the control group (14.86%)(P<0.05). The scores and total scores of satisfaction of the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: BOPT for total crown repair can reduce PI, GI and PD, increase GT, reduce complications and improve patients' satisfaction. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Correlation of serum Semaphorin3A, FGF-23 levels with periodontal indices and disease severity in patients with chronic periodontitis Xiao Zunsheng, Ding Wencui, Wang Lihui, Jia Huiwen, Jin Yanyan, Li Xinsheng 2025, 34 (4):  403-408.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2025.04.011 Abstract ( 8 )   PDF (702KB) ( 2 )   PURPOSE: To analyze the correlation of serum Semaphorin3A(Sema3A), fibroblast growth factor 23(FGF-23) levels with periodontal indices and disease severity in patients with chronic periodontitis. METHODS: A total of 115 CP patients admitted to Cangzhou Central Hospital from June 2022 to June 2023 were selected and divided into severe group (34 cases), moderate group (39 cases) and mild group (42 cases) according to the severity of the disease; meanwhile, another 115 healthy individuals with periodontitis who underwent physical examination were selected as the control group. Serum Sema3A and FGF-23 levels of all subjects were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and serum inflammatory markers [tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-17] and the levels of periodontal indices [gingival index(GI), bleeding index (BI), plaque index (PLI), loss of attachment (AL) and probing depth (PD)] in CP group were detected. Pearson correlation analysis was employed to explore the correlations between the levels of Sema3A and FGF-23 and periodontal parameters and inflammatory markers. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the factors affecting the severity of CP patients. ROC curve was used to evaluate the severity of CP patients with SPSS 25.0 software package. RESULTS: The serum Sema3A level in the CP group was significantly lower than that in the control group, while the FGF-23 level was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). The serum Sema3A level in mild, moderate, and severe CP group decreased sequentially, while FGF-23 level increased sequentially(P<0.05). The levels of GI, AL, BI, PLI, PD, TNF-α, IL-17 and IL-6 in the mild, moderate, and severe CP groups increased sequentially (P<0.05). The serum Sema3A level was negatively correlated with GI, AL, BI, PLI, PD, TNF-α, IL-17, and IL-6, while the FGF-23 level was positively correlated with the above indicators (P<0.05). Sema3A was a protective factor for exacerbation in CP patients, while FGF-23, GI, AL, BI, PLI, PD, TNF-α, IL-17, and IL-6 were risk factors (P<0.05). The AUC of combined evaluation of serum Sema3A and FGF-23 of the severity of CP patients was 0.919 (95%CI: 0.854-0.962), which was obviously better than a single indicator (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Serum Sema3A is decreased and FGF-23 is increased in CP patients, which is closely related to periodontal parameters and disease severity, and combination evaluation has a high value in estimating the severity of CP patients. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of the effect and influencing factors of fluoride iontophoresis in preventing dental caries in children Guo Xiaojin, Lu Qian, Zhang Kaichi, Guo Xiaolin 2025, 34 (4):  409-413.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2025.04.012 Abstract ( 10 )   PDF (614KB) ( 3 )   PURPOSE: To explore the effect of fluoride iontophoresis in preventing dental caries in children, characteristics of saliva fluoride metabolism and influencing factors. METHODS: A total of 500 children who underwent oral examinations from April 2022 to October 2023 were selected and divided into experimental group and control group according to the random number table method, with 250 children in each group. The control group received routine prevention, while the experimental group received fluoride iontophoresis prevention. The caries prevention effects, salivary fluoride concentrations and caries prevalence after 12 months of intervention were compared between the two groups before intervention and 12 months after intervention, according to whether they had caries or not, they were divided into caries group (n=258) and non-caries group (n=242). The general data of the two groups were compared, and the influencing factors of caries in children were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Twelve months after intervention, the decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) index and significant caries index (SiC) in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). At 30 minutes, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, and 2 days after intervention, the salivary fluoride concentration in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). Twelve months after intervention, the caries incidence rate in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05). The results of univariate analysis showed that age, weaning age, frequency of sweet food consumption, frequency of night eating, age of starting to brush teeth, brushing frequency, toothpaste with or without fluoride, regular check-ups and the concentration of free fluoride after intervention were the influencing factors of dental caries in children (P<0.05). The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that older age and older weaning age were independent risk factors for dental caries in children (P<0.05), while the frequency of sweet food consumption<3 times per week, the frequency of nocturnal eating<5 times per week, fluoride content in toothpaste and regular oral examinations were independent protective factors for dental caries in children (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Fluoride iontophoresis can significantly reduce the incidence of dental caries in children, increasing the fluoride concentration in saliva, affected by multiple factors. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of anxiety and depression symptoms on periodontitis based on Mendelian randomization study Lei Deng, Zhou Yingbin, Huang Sihui, Li Yufeng 2025, 34 (4):  414-421.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2025.04.013 Abstract ( 10 )   PDF (1171KB) ( 4 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of anxiety and depression on the risk of periodontitis using Mendelian randomization (MR) method, and to analyze the prevalence and influencing factors of anxiety and depression symptoms in patients with periodontitis, so as to provide evidence for clinical prevention and treatment. METHODS: The data of 70 patients with periodontitis and 35 healthy controls who were treated in the Fourth Hospital of Changsha from August 2022 to August 2024 were collected.Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA) was used to assess the anxiety of the subjects. Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) was used to assess symptoms of depression of the subjects, and potential risk factors were analyzed by logistic regression. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were screened from the Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) database as instrumental variables. The independent SNP were screened according to the P-value threshold (P=5e-05) and the linkage unbalanced clustering method (window size 10 000 kb, r2 threshold 0.001), and the data were coordinated. Five MR methods, including inverse variance weighted (IVW), were used to analyze the causal relationship between anxiety and depression on acute and chronic periodontitis. RESULTS: In the clinical case-control study, HAMA and HAMD scores of the periodontitis group were significantly higher than those of the control group (HAMA: P=0.006; HAMD: P=0.007). The incidence of anxiety in the periodontitis group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P=0.008), and the incidence of depression was also significantly higher (P=0.006). Logistic regression analysis revealed that anxiety, depression, and age ≥ 60 years were independent risk factors for periodontitis (P<0.05). MR analysis showed that anxiety was significantly positively correlated with acute periodontitis (IVW method, P =0.037), and depression was significantly positively correlated with acute periodontitis (IVW method, P=0.043), but neither was significantly associated with chronic periodontitis (P>0.05). The tests for pleiotropy and heterogeneity indicated that the analysis results were reliable (IVW method and MR Egger method, P>0.05 for both). CONCLUSIONS: There is significant correlation between anxiety and depression symptoms and periodontitis. It is recommended to consider the influence of psychological factors in clinical treatment of periodontitis. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A comparative study on the effects of three types of toothbrushes on the formation of abfraction lesions in teeth Xu Xiaoming, Tian Yingju, Gao Lin, Wang Junyan, Xie Xinyi 2025, 34 (4):  422-426.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2025.04.014 Abstract ( 7 )   PDF (1073KB) ( 5 )   PURPOSE: To compare the differences in formation of abfraction lesions using three different types of toothbrushes, i.e. mechanical electric toothbrush, sonic electric toothbrush, and ordinary manual toothbrush. METHODS: Seventy-one subjects were recruited publicly and randomly divided into three groups with 24 subjects in the mechanical electric toothbrush group (experimental group 1), another 24 subjects in the sonic electric toothbrush group (experimental group 2), and 23 subjects in the ordinary manual toothbrush group (control group). The observation period was 12-15 months. During the beginning and the end of the experiment, oral digital impressions were obtained by using 3Shape TRIOS 3 intraoral scanning device (Denmark). The two 3D Object (.stl) files obtained were compared and overlapped by using EXO CAD software,and the numerical values of the cervical changes of all canines, first premolars, and second premolars on the labial and buccal sides of the gingival margin after comparison and overlap were measured using 3Shape 3D ViewerTM software. RESULTS: The cervical defect values of the mechanical electric toothbrush group were significantly higher than those of the sonic electric toothbrush group and the ordinary manual toothbrush group (P<0.001), and the cervical defect values of the sonic electric toothbrush group were significantly higher than those of the ordinary manual toothbrush group (P<0.001). There was no significant difference in gender within each group between the mechanical electric toothbrush group and the sonic electric toothbrush group (P>0.05), while the cervical defect values of the male subjects in the ordinary manual toothbrush group were significantly higher than those of the female subjects (P<0.001). The cervical defect value of the mechanical electric toothbrush group was significantly higher than that of the conventional manual toothbrush group at 14, 25, 35, 43, 44 and 45 tooth positions among the three groups (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the cervical defect value of the mechanical electric toothbrush group was significantly higher than that of the sonic electric toothbrush group at 44 tooth position (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the defect value among all groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with ordinary manual toothbrushes, mechanical electric toothbrushes and sonic electric toothbrushes are more effective in promoting the formation of abfraction lesions. The teeth in the lower right mandible are more susceptible to abfraction lesions caused by mechanical electric toothbrushes. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation on the expression efficiency of personalized labial appliances in non-extraction orthodontic treatment for mild crowding of teeth Mao Xiaoyan, Huang Le, Yang Jiayin, Jiang Wei, Li Lingyu, Chen Xiping 2025, 34 (4):  427-432.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2025.04.015 Abstract ( 9 )   PDF (1428KB) ( 5 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the expression efficiency of personalized labial appliances in patients with mild dental crowding. METHODS: Thirty-two Class Ⅰor Class Ⅱ malocclusion patients with mild crowding of anterior teeth were selected. All patients were treated with the Insignia personalized labial correction system without tooth extraction. The three-dimensional digital dental models before treatment, at the target position and after treatment were collected. Then, the widths and torques of the maxillary and mandibular dental arches were measured, and the expansion efficiency was calculated. RESULTS: After orthodontic treatment, the widths of the maxillary and mandibular dental arches were significantly increased compared with those before treatment (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference compared with the widths of the target dental arches (P>0.05). Among the maxillary teeth positions, except for the first premolar, the actual expansion amounts of the other teeth positions were significantly less than the target expansion amounts (P<0.05); among the mandibular teeth positions, except for the first molar, there was no significant difference between the actual expansion amounts and the target expansion amounts of the other teeth positions (P>0.05). In the maxilla, the expansion efficiency was the highest for the first premolars and the lowest for the first molars; while in the mandible, it was the highest for the second premolars and the lowest for the first molars. Except for the mandibular first molars, there were statistically significant differences in the torques between pre-treatment and the target torques as well as between pre-treatment and post-treatment at most tooth positions in the maxilla and mandible (P<0.05). Except for the maxillary second premolars, there was no significant difference in the torques between pre-treatment and the target torques at the other tooth positions (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The application of Insignia personalized labial aligners in the treatment of mild anterior tooth crowding cases with relatively good lateral profile can effectively widen the dental arch and achieve a correction result close to the target position. However, the long-term effect still needs further research. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preliminary study of alveolar socket measurement on CBCT based on SAM Fan Linfeng, Song Zhongchen, Zhang Chunan, Ai Songtao 2025, 34 (4):  433-439.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2025.04.016 Abstract ( 10 )   PDF (1608KB) ( 6 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the tool of automatic measuring CBCT, developed based on deep learning technology, and to compare its accuracy with manual measurement and to verify its effectiveness and feasibility. METHODS: Twenty-nine adult patients (11 males, 18 females) with mean age of (31.31±13.77) years old were enrolled, CBCT of enrolled patients were collected, and 427 transverse sections of alveolar teeth were extracted(5-5 position). A novel Segment Anything Model(SAM) -based interactive segmentation and measurement tool was developed and applied to the assessment of alveolar socket dimensions in CBCT. Manual and automatic measurements of bone mass in the buccal and lingual transverse section of the alveolar socket were performed by establishing the test set and the validation set, respectively, and the data were compared. RESULTS: There was significant correlation and consistency between CBCT automatic measurement method and manual measurement. The coefficient of determination(R2) of regression analysis in test set was 0.942, the measurement error in validation set was mainly varing between -0.43~0.47 mm, Pearson correlation coefficient was 0.9746 (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study developed an automatic CBCT measurement tool based on SAM through deep learning, with high accuracy and significantly improved the efficiency of alveolar socket measurement. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of the effect of two types of arch expansion combined with maxillary protraction in the treatment of Class III bony malformations Dong Zuoying, Shang Jinzheng, Sun Yu, Gou Naizheng 2025, 34 (4):  440-443.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2025.04.017 Abstract ( 10 )   PDF (478KB) ( 7 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of rapid maxillary expansion and maxillary alternate rapid expansion combined with maxillary protraction in the treatment of Class III bony malformations. METHODS: A total of 82 patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion admitted to Jiaozhou Central Hospital of Qingdao from May 2021 to April 2024 were selected and divided into two groups according to admission time. The control group (n=40) was treated with simple maxillary rapid arch expansion combined with maxillary protraction. The experimental group (n=42) was treated with maxillary alternate rapid expansion and contraction combined with maxillary protraction, the therapeutic effect of the two groups was compared. RESULTS: Three months after treatment, the Z-angle, H-angle and upper lip angle of the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group, and the lower lip inclination was significantly lower than that of the control group(P<0.05). SNA, U1-NA, ANB indexes, maximum occlusal contact area and maximum biting force in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group, while U1-L1 and SNB indexes were significantly lower than those in control group (P<0.05). The masticatory efficiency and oral health impact scale (OHIP-14) scores of the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Rapid maxillary expansion combined with maxillary protraction can improve the occlusal function and masticatory efficiency of patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion, and improve the soft and hard tissue indexes of the patients. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of information system in management value of high-value dental implant consumables Zhang Yan, Zhang Siyi, Sun Yang 2025, 34 (4):  444-448.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2025.04.018 Abstract ( 9 )   PDF (626KB) ( 3 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the application effect of an informatized management platform for high-value dental implant consumables developed based on the hospital resource planning system in optimizing consumable management processes. METHODS: A pre-post comparative study was conducted. The conventional management mode for high-value dental implant consumables from May 2023 to January 2024 in the Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University served as the control group (n=5 872), while the informatized management mode from February 2024 to October 2024 was set as the experimental group (n=5 932). The two groups were compared in terms of consumable inventory in-out time, postoperative registration time, inventory time, total process time for single bone grafting surgery, billing accuracy rate, and satisfaction of medical staff. RESULTS: In the experimental group, the consumable inventory in-out time, postoperative registration time, inventory time, and total surgical process time were significantly shorter than those in the control group (P<0.001). The billing accuracy rate increased from 97.2% to 100% (P=0.004). The satisfaction rate among doctors reached 94.64%, and that among nurses reached 93.75%. CONCLUSIONS: The informatized platform achieves full-process supervision and quality control of high-value consumables, significantly improves management efficiency and billing accuracy, optimizes surgical processes, and enhances job satisfaction of medical staff, providing an innovative approach for refined management of dental implants. References | Related Articles | Metrics