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25 June 2016, Volume 25 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Chinese experts consensus on the use of oral propranolol for treatment of infantile hemangiomas ZHENG Jia-wei, WANG Xu-kai, QIN Zhong-ping, FAN Xin-dong, LI Kai, YANG Yao-wu, HUO Ran, LIU Shao-hua, ZHAO Ji-hong, WANG Xiao-yong, ZHOU De-kai 2016, 25 (3):  257-260.  Abstract ( 500 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (786KB) ( 801 )   Infantile hemangioma (IH) is one of the most common benign vascular tumors in children. A variety of treatment methods have been documented for the management of IH over the past years, including pharmacotherapy via oral administration or injection of corticosteroids, vincristine, alpha interferon and bleomycin; laser therapy, radionuclide therapy, cryotherapy and excisional surgery. The therapeutic efficacy of each treatment modality is variable, while adverse effects or complications are common and sometimes serious. Since the serendipitous discovery of propranolol, a nonselective beta-adrenergic receptor blocker, being very efficacious in treating IH in 2008, oral propranolol has earned a role as a first-line medical therapy for complicated IH. However, the appropriate drug dosage, dosing regimen, time for initiation, optimal duration, monitoring for side effects remains controversial. To standardize the use of propranolol in treating IH, avoid overtreatment or under-treatment, as well as minimize complications, a Chinese experts consensus on the use of oral propranolol for treatment of IH has been approved and written by a multidisciplinary experts group based on an up-to-date literature review and repeated discussion. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Polymerization of flowable composite core materials irradiated by super-high intensity light with short time HE Shao-wei, GENG Teng-yu, MENG Xiang-feng 2016, 25 (3):  261-265.  Abstract ( 220 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (905KB) ( 237 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the polymerization of dual-cured flowable composite core irradiated by super-high intensity light with short time. METHODS: The light-proof silicon rubber cuboid mold with one end open was syringed and filled by dual-cured flowable resin composite core, then the open end of mold was irradiated directly by a light unit at 1000 mW/cm2 ×10, ×20 s; or at 3200 mW/cm2 × 3, ×6 s. The specimens were stored in the light-proof box. After irradiation for 1 h and 24 h, Knoop microhardness was measured along the vertical surfaces of specimens from 1mm to 10 mm depth at 1 mm interval. The data was analyzed by one-way ANOVA with SPSS 16.0 software package. RESULTS: 3200 mW/cm2 ×3 s light irradiation did not initiate light curing of the specimens. The other three light irradiations could make specimens obtaining higher microhardness than that by pure chemical cure; however, the depth of specimens affected by light irradiation was limited. Within the area affected by light, the microhardness of specimens could be improved by increasing the light irradiation time; after irradiation for 24 h, the microhardness of specimens had no difference between 3200 mW/cm2 ×6 s and 1000 mW/cm2 ×20 s light irradiation. CONCLUSIONS: 3200 mW/cm2 light intensity should be used for irradiation at least for 6 s, which could initiate light curing of flowable composite core to sufficient polymerization. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The effect of shifting of estrogen level on the expression of estrogen receptor and morphology of condyle in rat XU Peng, CHEN Chuan-jun 2016, 25 (3):  266-270.  Abstract ( 185 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (989KB) ( 370 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the possible role and mechanism of estrogen in the morphologic alteration process of mandibular condyle. METHODS: Forty healthy non-pregnant female 6-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control group, contraceptive group (intragastric administration with contraceptive), contraceptive + normal saline (intragastric administration with contraceptive and normal saline) and contraceptive +estradiol group(intragastric administration with contraceptive and estradiol) equally. The serum levels of estradiol were detected respectively before the experiment, on the twelfth week and sixteenth week. The rats were sacrificed after the experiment and the expression of ERα, ERβ of condyle was detected and histologic observation of the condyle was performed. SPSS11.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The serum estradiol concentration of the other 3 groups were significantly lower than control group at 12 week (P<0.05); the serum estradiol concentration of contraceptive + estradiol group was significantly higher than contraceptive + normal saline group on sixteenth week (P<0.05). H-E and immunohistochemistry showed that compared with control group, not only retrogression occurred in rat condylar cartilage but also the expression of ERα and ERβ of condylar cartilage was decreased(P<0.05) in contraceptive group; Compared with the contraceptive + normal saline group, the retrogression was repaired and ERαexpression was increased(P<0.05) while ERβ was not increased (P>0.05) in contraceptive + estradiol group. CONCLUSIONS: The lowered serum estrogen would lead to retrogression in condylar cartilage. Estradiol valerate could be used to raise concentration of serum estrogen, increase the expression of ERα and slow down the process of condylar cartilage retrogression through ER pathway. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of cinnamaldehyde on osteogenic function and BMP-2 mRNA expression of mice osteoblast HAO Wen-xiu, ZHANG Yun-tao, ZHANG Ya-jie 2016, 25 (3):  271-274.  Abstract ( 215 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (827KB) ( 231 )   PURPOSE: To explore the effect of cinnamaldehyde(CA) on osteogenic function and BMP-2 expression of mice osteoblast. METHODS: MC3T3-E1 sub-clone 14 cells were cultured in the presence of CA at 0(control group), 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, 320 μg/mL. The cell proliferation rate was measured by MTT assay 1, 3, 5 d after exposure. Activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was detected at 3, 5, 7 d to observe the effect of 6 concentrations of CA on osteoblast function. The mRNA expression of BMP-2 was quantified by real-time PCR(RT-qPCR) 1, 3, 5 d after exposure to (10,20 μg/mL) CA. The data were analyzed by SPSS 17 software package. RESULTS: MTT assay showed that compared with the control group, when 10, 20 μg/mL of CA acted on MC3T3, the absorbance value decreased slightly but the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05), while ALP activity increased significantly. CA increased the mRNA expression of BMP-2 at the concentration of 10, 20 μg/mL (P<0.05),decreased the osteoblast proliferation, ALP activity and the mRNA expression of BMP-2 at the concentration of 40, 80, 160, 320 μg/mL (P<0.05); as the concentration of CA increased, the effects became more significant. CONCLUSIONS: CA(10, 20 μg/mL) exerted positive effects on osteogenic function, increased the ALP activity and the mRNA expression of BMP-2. It is suggested that the activity of osteoblast differentiation and osteogenic function may be related to the expression of BMP-2. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Osteogenic expression of rat mesenchymal stem cell on collagen and 20α-hydroxycholesterol loaded on the apatite of titanium ZHENG Ying, LIU Fan, WANG Yan, LIU Yi 2016, 25 (3):  275-280.  Abstract ( 168 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (995KB) ( 301 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of composite layers loaded with 20α-hydroxycholesterol and collagen on the surface of apatite-coated Ti substrates on osteogenesis of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). METHODS: BMSCs proliferation was quantitatively assessed by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8). The early osteogenic expression of BMSCs on composite layers was evaluated by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. The expression of osteocalcin (OC) and collagen TypeⅠ (Col Ⅰ) was evaluated by Western blot. The difference between the different groups was analyzed using SPSS 17.0 software package. RESULTS: CCK-8 results revealed that simultaneous loading of Col Ⅰ and HC on biomimetic apatite significantly promoted cell proliferation, while HC had no effect on cell proliferation. Dual loading of Col and HC onto apatite stimulated osteogenic differentiation in BMSCs, especially during the early stage. In addition, individual loading of HC seemed to be more efficient than collagen in promoting ALP activity in BMSCs. Dual loading of Col and HC synergistically promoted the expression of OC and ColⅠ, which were the marker of late osteogenic differentiation. HC had no positive effect on the expression of OC and Col Ⅰ. CONCLUSIONS: Dual loading of collagen and 20α-hydroxycholesterol on apatite-coated titanium substrates had favourable biocompatibility and synergistically promoted osteogenic expression. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment of traumatic occlusion model in Sprague-Dawley rats XIN Xian-zhen, YANG Xu, WEI Bin 2016, 25 (3):  281-283.  Abstract ( 184 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (777KB) ( 287 )   PURPOSE: In this study, different methods were used to observe and obtain the most effective one to establish occlusal trauma model in Sprague-Dawley rats. METHODS: SPF male SD rats weighing 150~200 g and aged 10 to 12 weeks were used in this study. The rats' maxillary molars were bonded with stainless steel wire, resin , casting half crown , casting half combined crowns, half crown using selective laser melting (SLM) technology, half combined crowns using SLM technology through Super-bond and Multi-link bonding under general anesthesia. After bonding, the experimental device expulsion rates were observed daily. The data was analyzed statistically using Fisher's exact test with SAS 8.2 software package. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the falling rates of using super-bond and using multi-link. Under the situation in which different bonding methods exerted no influence on the falling rates, there was significant difference between different experimental devices (P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The restorations fabricated with SLM technology is valid and feasible to induce occlusal point in building occlusal trama model using SD rats. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of retention of 3 different aesthetic Co-Cr-Mo alloy clasps on premolars WU Xue-Ying, ZHONG Qun 2016, 25 (3):  284-287.  Abstract ( 251 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (867KB) ( 286 )   PURPOSE: To analyze the retention of 3 different Co-Cr-Mo alloy clasps on premolars, and provide information for clinical design of aesthetic clasps. METHODS: An EZ20 force measuring instrument was used to record the retention of Co-Cr-Mo alloy casting aesthetic clasps when they were dislodged from undercuts of different depths (0.25, 0.50, 0.75 mm) on premolars. The data were analyzed with SPSS 22.0 software passage. RESULTS: The clasp retention in groups of 0.25 and 0.5 mm undercut was three-arm clasp > varied Y-shaped clasp > modified RPI clasp. In the group of 0.75 mm undercut, the clasp retention was varied Y-shaped clasp > three-arm clasp > modified RPI clasp after circulations. CONCLUSIONS: A varied Y-shaped bar clasp of 0.75 mm undercut depth is suitable for premolar both for its adequate retention and aesthetic effect. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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3-D surface topography of ultrasonic preparation tooth: A pilot study HOU Yong-fu, BIAN Hua-qin, ZHANG Lei, SUN Zhen 2016, 25 (3):  288-291.  Abstract ( 206 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (1168KB) ( 276 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the 3-D surface topography of ultrasonically prepared tooth. METHODS: Ten extracted human maxillary premolars were prepared for crowns. A split-tooth model was used to refine the margins: half of the margin was finished with traditional rotary instruments, the other with ultrasonic instruments. The 3-D profiles of the prepared surface were observed under scanning electron microscopy and Talysurf CCI 3000 non-contact 3D profiler, and a quantitative comparison of 3-D surface roughness average(SA) and the surface of skewness(SSK) was conducted with Talymap Gold software. The data were analyzed by independent sample t test using SPSS13.0 software package. RESULTS: The surface finished with ultrasonic instruments exhibited a smoother surface. 3-D surface roughness analysis showed that the SA and SSK of surfaces made by ultrasonic instruments were significantly lower, compared with surfaces produced using conventional rotary instruments. CONCLUSIONS: The ultrasonic instruments produce surface in better condition than the conventional rotary instruments. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of wear resistance and flexural strength of three kinds of bulk-fill composite resins ZHANG Huan, ZHANG Meng-long, QIU Li-hong, YU Jing-tao, XUE ming, ZHAN Fu-liang 2016, 25 (3):  292-295.  Abstract ( 374 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (849KB) ( 842 )   PURPOSE: To compare the abrasion resistance and flexure strength of three bulk-fill resin composites with an universal nano-hybrid composite resins. METHODS: The specimens were prepared with three kinds of bulk fill composites (SDR , sonicfill, Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill) and an universal nano-hybrid composite resins(Herculite Precis). 10 mm in diameter × 2mm in height specimens were prepared for abrasion resistance, while 2 mm in width × 2 mm in depth×25 mm in length specimens were prepared for flexure strength. The specimens were mounted in a bal1-on-disc wear testing machine and abraded with the media artificial saliva(50 N loads, 10000 cycles).Flexural test was performed with an Universal Testing Machine at a cross-head speed of 1mm/min. One-way variance analysis was used to determine the statistical differences of volume loss and flexural strength among groups with SPSS 13.0 software package(P<0.05). RESULTS: The volume loss was as follows: SDR (1.2433±0.11) mm3<sonicfill (0.6331±0.09) mm3<Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill（0.3558±0.05） mm3 <Herculite Precis（0.3097±0.04） mm3. The flexural strength was as follows: sonicfill (136.2184±16.70) MPa<Herculite Precis(124.1468±19.96) MPa<Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill (119.2082±20.32) MPa< SDR(103.6246±7.13) MPa. There was no significant difference between Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill and Herculite Precis either in volume loss or flexural strength(P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: With regard to wear resistance and flexural strength, Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill is recommended as an alternative for posterior restorations. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Different ways to remove necrotic periodontal ligament on delayed tooth replantation: scanning electron microscopy and histomorphometric analysis CHEN Hui, ZHANG Yang, WANG Jun 2016, 25 (3):  296-300.  Abstract ( 337 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (1135KB) ( 320 )   PURPOSE: To seek the most effective technique for removal of root-adhered periodontal ligament. METHODS: Thirty-five roots of healthy right mandibular first premolars extracted for orthodontic purposes were selected. After extraction, the teeth were kept dry at room temperature for at least 1 h, and then divided into five groups as follows: Group 1(control)-the root-adhered periodontal ligament was preserved; Group 2 (mechanical removal)-periodontal ligament remnants were removed by scraping root surface with a scalpel blade; Group 3 (chemical removal 1)-removal of the periodontal ligament by immersing the root in 1% sodium hypochlorite solution for 5 minutes; Group 4 (chemical removal 2)-removal of the periodontal ligament by immersing the root in 2% sodium hypochlorite solution for 5 minutes; Group 5 (chemical removal 3)-removal of the periodontal ligament by immersing the root in 1% sodium hypochlorite solution for 10 minutes. The specimens were analyzed histomorphometrically and examined under scanning electron microscopy. Both periodontal ligament remnants and preservation or removal of the cementum layer concomitantly with these procedures were assessed. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test with SAS 8.02 software package. RESULTS: In regard to periodontal ligament remnants, group 1 presented the largest areas(P<0.05), group 2 showed smaller area than group 1 (P<0.05), but much larger than group 3-5 (P<0.05); The three chemical removal groups had no significant difference. As for preserved cementum layer, group 2 lost most areas, which showed the worst result(P<0.05). The other 4 groups had no significant difference. CONCLUSIONS: Scraping root surface with a scalpel blade could not wipe off the root-adhered periodontal ligament, and might damage the cementum layer. Sodium hypochlorite solution could clean up the periodontal ligament remnants and preserve cementum layer, which might be an ideal choice. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Condylar morphological changes before and after orthodontic treatment for angle Class I malocclusion adult patients SHI Qiu-tao, LU Hai-ping, XIAO Fang, JIANG Zhen, LIU Yi, GU Zhi-yuan 2016, 25 (3):  301-305.  Abstract ( 441 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (1017KB) ( 397 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the condylar morphological changes in adult Angle Class I malocclusionpatients before and after orthodontic treatment using a cone-beam CT (CBCT). METHODS: Images of 25 adult Angle Class I patients (5 males, 20 females) who had no temporomandibular joint disorder symptom were involved in this study, and Mimics 10.01 software was used to reconstruct the three-dimensional condyle and measure the height of condyle, the area and bone density of the largest cross sectional plane and sagittal plane, and the volume and bone density of the whole and upper three-dimensional condyle before and after orthodontic treatment. Paired t test was used for comparison between pre- and post-treatment condylar metric analysis with SPSS 19.0 software package. RESULTS: After treatment, the area and bone density of the largest cross sectional plane and sagittal plane were reduced significantly(P<0.05). The volume and bone density of the whole three-dimensional condyle and bone density of the upper three-dimensional condyle were reduced significantly(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Adaptive bone remodeling of the condyle may occur due to alternation of occlusion by orthodontic treatment in adult Angle Class I malocclusion patients. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of panoramic radiography in detection of maxillary teeth roots projecting into the maxillary sinus MI Xiao-hui, LIU Jia-qiang, WU Yong 2016, 25 (3):  306-309.  Abstract ( 558 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (836KB) ( 400 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of panoramic radiography in detection of maxillary teeth roots projecting into the maxillary sinus. METHODS: Paired panoramic radiographs and cone-beam CT (CBCT) images of maxilla from 110 subjects were analyzed. 42 males and 68 females (15~36 years old) with the second molars erupted completely were included. The 2 radiographic techniques were used to observe if the roots of maxillary teeth project into the sinus, including canine, the first premolar, the second premolar, the first molar and the second molar. With CBCT as a gold standard, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of panoramic radiography were evaluated, as well as the accuracy, prevalence, positive likehood ratio, and negtive likehood ratio. RESULTS: The sensitivity for canine, the first premolar, the second premolar, the first molar, and the second molar was 100%, 100%, 96%, 99%, and 96%, respectively. The specificity for canine, the first premolar the second premolar, the first molar, and the second molar was 94%, 92%, 84%, 67%, and 67%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Panoramic radiography has a high diagnostic sensitivity in detection of the teeth roots projecting into the maxillary sinus for maxillary teeth. However, it can't afford sufficient proof for orthodontic anchorage design because of low specificity, especially for the second premolar, the first molar and the second molar. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical effect of 3 polishing methods on resin composite restoration in filling wedge-shaped defect REN Qiang, WANG Yi, WEI Kui-jie 2016, 25 (3):  310-313.  Abstract ( 217 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (786KB) ( 254 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical effect of 3 polishing methods on resin composite restoration in filling wedge-shaped defect. METHODS: One hundred and fifty patients with wedge-shaped defects were randomly divided into 3 groups. After being filled with Nano composite resin(FILTEK Z350,3M), restorations in group 1 were polished with Sof-lex discs system, restorations in group 2 were polished with Super-snap system and group 3 with diamond bur and rubber cup. Restorations in each group were reexamined and assessed utilizing standards of USPH&Ryge after 0.5, 1 and 2 a. Chi-square test was performed using SPSS17.0 software package. RESULTS: No significant difference of secondary decay, marginal adaption, marginal staining, surface roughness, colour matching, wearing and gingival condition among 3 groups was found after 0.5 a and 1 a. Restorations in group 1 and group 2 showed better performance with regards to secondary decay, marginal adaption, marginal staining, wearing and color matching than group 3 after 2 years of restoration. CONCLUSIONS: Sof-lex discs and Super-snap polishing system after composite filling of wedge-shaped defect was effective in reducing secondary decay, marginal staining and wearing, as well as in maintaining the marginal adaption, which is worthy of wide clinical application. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression and clinical significance of PUMA gene in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma LEI Yin-tao, LI Jun-fu, JIANG Juan, LI Xiao-guang, WANG Xu-xia, CHEN Dai-yun 2016, 25 (3):  314-316.  Abstract ( 246 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (794KB) ( 249 )   PURPOSE: To explore the expression of p53 up-regulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) gene in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC) and its clinical significance. METHODS: The expressions of PUMA gene and protein were detected in 27 SACC tumor-adjacent tissues (group A) and 27 SACC tumor tissues (group B) with real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 19.0 software package. RESULTS: The expression of PUMA gene in groups A as calibrator was 1,and expression of PUMA gene in group B was 0.57±0.17. The expression of PUMA protein in groups A and B were 0.94±0.12 and 0.36±0.12,respectively. The expressions of PUMA gene and protein were significantly lower in group B than in group A (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The expression of puma gene in SACC tissues is down-regulated, which is negatively correlated with the development of SACC. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of the effect of one-step self etching adhesives applied in pit and fissure sealing SU Hong-ru, XU Pei-cheng, QIAN Wen-hao 2016, 25 (3):  317-321.  Abstract ( 237 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (791KB) ( 339 )   PURPOSE: To observe the effect of three one-step self etching adhesive systems used in fit and fissure sealant and explore the feasibility of application in caries prevention in school. METHODS: Seven hundred and twenty completely erupted mandibular first molars in 360 children aged 7 to 9 years old were chosen. The split-mouth design was used to select one side as the experimental group, divided into A1(Easy One Adper), B1(Adper Easy One), and C1(iBond SE).The contra lateral teeth served as A2,B2 and C2 groups (phosphoric acid). The retention and caries status were regularly reviewed .The clinical effect of the two groups was compared using SPSS19.0 software package for Chi - square test. RESULTS: At 3 and 6 months, pit and fissure sealant retention rate in A1 and A2, B1 and B2,C1 and C2 group had no significant difference. At 12 months, sealant retention in A1 and B1 group was significantly lower than A2 and B2 group (P<0.05). No significant difference was found between C1 and C2 groups (P>0.05). At 24 months, sealant retention rate in A1, B1 and C1 group was significantly lower than A2, B2 and C2 group (P<0.05). The caries rate in A1and A2, B1 and B2, C1 and C2 group had no significant difference during different follow-up time (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The clinical anticariogenic effect of three kinds of one-step etching adhesives and phosphoric acid etching sealant was similar .One-step self etching adhesive system was recommended for pit and fissure sealant to improve the students' oral health. The long-term retention rate of one-step self etching adhesive system was lower than the phosphoric acid method to long term observation is needed. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression and significance of discoidin domain receptor 1 in salivary gland mucoepidermoid carcinoma WANG Zhi-ming, WEN Hui-yuan, YANG Dong-sheng, YE Ming, PAN Yao, MA Ying, ZHANG Li-ping 2016, 25 (3):  322-326.  Abstract ( 250 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (1019KB) ( 246 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the expression and significance of discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1) in salivary gland mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC). METHODS: Immunohistochemical and Western blot method were used to detect the expression of DDR1 in MEC M3SP2 and MC3 cell lines. Immunohistochemical method was used to detect the expression of DDR1 in 58 MEC and 20 normal salivary gland tissues. SPSS 13.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The positive expression rate of DDR1 in salivary gland MEC tissues was 79.3%, significantly higher than 10.0% in normal salivary gland tissues (P<0.01). High expression of DDR1 was not related to clinicopathological parameters of MEC(P>0.05). The expression of DDR1 was positive in MEC M3SP2 and MC3 cell lines. CONCLUSIONS: DDR1 may play an important role in carcinogenesis and progress of salivary gland MEC. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The effects of maxillary protraction treatment with rapid maxillary expansion for skeletal Class Ⅲ malocclusion ZHANG Yi-wen, SHEN Gang 2016, 25 (3):  327-333.  Abstract ( 323 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (1415KB) ( 452 )   PURPOSE: This study evaluated the effect of maxillary protraction with rapid maxillary expansion (RME) for adolescent skeletal Class Ⅲ malocclusion cases. The anatomical cranial structures were used to superimpose and establish the reference grid. METHODS: Twenty cases of adolescent skeletal Class Ⅲ malocclusion treated by maxillary protraction were included as the treatment group, another 20 cases of adolescent skeletal Class Ⅲ malocclusion without treatment were used as the control group. Cephalometric analysis according to the reference grid superimposed by the anatomical cranial structures was carried out before and after treatment. The data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 13.0 software package. RESULTS: There was significant increase in maxillary length（Ptm-ANS）(P<0.01).SNA and the maxillary position (A-N) differences were statistically significant (P<0.05) while there was no significant change in maxillary sagittal position (S-Ptm). CONCLUSIONS: It is a feasible approach to assess changes of the hard tissue after orthopedic therapy using the reference grid superimposed by anatomical cranial structures. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A minimally invasive extraction technique using Benex Extraction System in flapless immediate implant placement in anterior teeth REN Shu-xin, HU Xiu-lian, LI Jian-hui, JIANG Xi, LIN Ye 2016, 25 (3):  334-339.  Abstract ( 512 )   HTML ( 7 )   PDF (1309KB) ( 564 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility and clinical outcomes of an atraumatic extraction technique using Benex Extraction System in flapless immediate implant placement in anterior teeth. METHODS: Twenty-five patients with single hopeless anterior maxillary teeth were enrolled in the study. The involved teeth were extracted using Benex Extraction System and implants were immediately placed in a flapless way. Healing abutments were connected immediately. After 4-6 months of healing, screw-retained implant temporary crowns were used to reshape the peri-implant gingiva. Permanent restorations were delivered 3 months later. Extraction time was recorded and the technique feasibility was evaluated using visual analogue scale (VAS). Peri-implant marginal bone resorption was measured in X- ray films after loading for 1 year later. Pink esthetic score (PES) was checked to evaluate the gingival esthetics. Questionnaire was delivered and collected to assess patients' satisfaction on surgical experience and esthetic outcomes. SPSS 13.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Twenty-five implants osseointegrated successfully. The marginal bone resorption was (0.21±0.23) mm and PES was 8.8±1.19 after loading for 1 year. The mean extraction time was 6.87 minutes and the VAS was 3.32. All patients were satisfied with the final esthetic outcomes and felt comfort during surgery. CONCLUSIONS: According to the limited data in the study, Benex extraction System is a convenient, atraumatic and predictable technique during flapless immediate implant placement in anterior teeth. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Medication compliance and diet compliance in 309 oral lichen planus patients HUANG ji-yan, LI han-qin, CHEN liang, ZHAO hou-ming, ZHOU hai-wen 2016, 25 (3):  340-344.  Abstract ( 230 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (888KB) ( 257 )   PURPOSE: To assess oral lichen planus (OLP) patients' medication compliance and diet compliance, and investigated their influential factors. METHODS: Three hundred and nine OLP patients' medication compliance and diet compliance were assessed by self-designed questionnaire and Morisky scale. A cross-sectional observational descriptive study was undertaken. The data were analyzed by Chi-square test and Logistic test using SPSS 16.0 software package. RESULTS: OLP patients' medication compliance rate was 55.7%, and diet compliance rate was 89%. Patients' unhealthy diet habit and knowledge level of OLP were dramatically correlated with patients' diet compliance; however, none of the factors was found to be associated with medication compliance. Drug use inconvenience, forgetting to take medicine and worrying about side effects were the main reasons for medication noncompliance. CONCLUSIONS: OLP patients' treatment compliance was affected by multiple factors, which need integrated efforts including government, medical personnel, and patients to building up an effective patients' management mechanism including reminding, monitoring, and instruction. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of three dimensional stability of the hypoplastic maxilla after orthognathic surgery in cleft lip and palate patients YINGWANG Jun-zi, SHEN Shun-yao, LI Biao, SUN Hao, ZHANG Tian-jia, WANG Xu-dong 2016, 25 (3):  345-351.  Abstract ( 370 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1222KB) ( 370 )   PURPOSE: To establish a three dimensional spacial measurement method to analyze the short-term stability of maxilla after orthognathic surgery in cleft lip and palate patients. METHODS: Twenty-five patients with maxillary hypoplasia secondary to cleft lip and palate seeking for orthognathic surgery were included in this study between January 2008 and September 2012. The spiral CT scan for the skull were taken 6 weeks preoperatively (T0), 4 days postoperatively (T1),3 months postoperatively (T2), and 6 months postoperatively (T3) and collected. A three dimensional analytic method for measuring maxilla was set up in ProPlan CMF software, and good repeatability of identification of landmarks was confirmed. Twenty-two indicators to describe the maxillary position and three new angles to describe the maxillary orientation were measured and analyzed. Student's t test was used to analyze the difference between T2 and T3 using SPSS 16.0 software package. RESULTS: In 25 patients with cleft palate there was a translational relapse upwards along vertical axis and a pitch-up relapse of maxilla with an average of 7.46% at the anterior part of the cleft maxilla. The relapse rate was 30.95% in LUCLP, 8.01% in RUCLP, and 34.76% in BCLP, but with no significant difference. Along the horizontal axis, there was a maxillary translational relapse toward noncleft side in both LUCLP and RUCLP group, while a yaw relapse was confirmed with the anterior part of maxilla toward noncleft side and the posterior part toward cleft side. CONCLUSIONS: There is a three-dimensional relapse tendency for the maxilla in the cleft patient postoperatively. The established three-dimensional analytic method well describes the special position of cleft maxilla especially in the translational and rotational movement of maxilla in three different axes comparing with that from lateral cephalometry, thus providing references for accurate measurements in study of the three dimensional maxillary stability after orthognathic surgery. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical study of titanium mesh in conjunction with concentrate growth factors to rebuild severe bone defect of anterior maxilla LIN Hai-yan, ZHANG Wei-dan, YU Yan-chun, JIA Hong-yu, WANG Ren-fei 2016, 25 (3):  352-356.  Abstract ( 361 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1305KB) ( 368 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of overlaying titanium mesh with concentrate growth factors(CGF) for rebuilding severe buccal bone defect of anterior maxilla when used in association with dental implantation. METHODS: Twenty patients with severe buccal bone defect of maxilla were selected. A total of 25 dental implants were placed, including 5 cases in bilateral central incisor area and 15 cases in unilateral central incisor area. After implantation, the defects were treated with Bio-oss and Bio-guid in conjunction with fixation of titanium mesh and then CGF technology was used. Two-stage surgery was carried out after 6 months of submerged healing, and permanent prosthesis was used 3 months after temporary restoration. The repairs of the defect were observed at the second stage surgery. The height of margin bone around implants and the thickness of bone at implants lingual side were measured, at the time of the second stage operation, and 3, 6, 12, 18 months after permanent restoration. The differences were analyzed by SPSS 19.0 software package with multi-sample nonparametric test and Fierdman test. RESULTS: At the time of second operation, the bone plate at lingual side was completely reconstructed, and new bone was formed at the top of implants. Clinical measurements showed that the averaged thickness of bone at lingual side was (2.69±0.154) mm at that time. Three, 6, 12, 18 months after restoration, the values were (2.67±0.152) mm, (2.66±0.153) mm, (2.65±0.153) mm, (2.65±0.151) mm, respectively. Implant-abutment junction was used as a base line to assess vertical bone absorption, the marginal bone of implant neck at lingual side was all inferior to the base line, the distance was (0.02±0.048) mm, (0.69±0.085) mm,(0.87±0.019) mm, (0.87±0.013) mm, respectively. Statistical analysis showed the thickness of bone of labial side decreased significantly over time after permanent restoration (P<0.01). Likewise, the height of marginal bone was also decreased significantly (P<0.01). However, the difference between them at 12 months and 18 months was not statistically significant (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that bone augmentation at maxilla can be achieved using titanium mesh in conjunction with CGF. The height and thickness of newly formed bone at the implant neck margin will be stabilized after 1 year. This method is worthy of wide clinical application. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Longitudinal photometric analysis of facial profiles of Japanese children with skeletal class Ⅰmalocclusion JIANG Wei, Akira Suzuki 2016, 25 (3):  357-363.  Abstract ( 272 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (1588KB) ( 316 )   PURPOSE: To analyze the longitudinal growth changes in facial profiles of Japanese children with skeletal Class Ⅰ malocclusion. METHODS: The subjects consisted of 525 longitudinally taken lateral facial photographs from 57 Japanese children (25 males and 32 females) aging from 7 to 18 years. The reference line to standardize and evaluate serial growth changes was the er-ex line passing through point er,the upper edge of the ear rod in a Photostat,and point ex,ektokanthion. The profile ratios,angles,and distances from the upper/lower lips to the E-line were measured. Longitudinal growth changes in the facial profiles were analyzed using SPSS 12.0 software package. RESULTS: The horizontal profile ratios of the chin showed significant differences between the sexes aging from 8 to 13 years. The horizontal profile ratios showed characteristic changes in both males and females from 7 to 18 years. The vertical profile ratios did not show such remarkable changes. CONCLUSIONS: The nose and chin showed characteristic facial growth; the nasal tip showed forward and downward growth and the chin showed gradual protrusion. The upper lip showed slight retraction in females but an upright tendency in males. The lower lip showed slight forward growth. The ratios of upper to total facial height and middle to total facial height increased and decreased,respectively. The ratio of lower to total facial height showed few changes. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical evaluation of the zirconia all ceramic crowns in 40 consecutive patients QI Bing, HE Yan 2016, 25 (3):  364-367.  Abstract ( 199 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (789KB) ( 425 )   PURPOSE: To investigate clinical application, aesthetics, stability and bio-compatibility of zirconia all-ceramic crowns in prosthodontic patients. METHODS: Computer aided design and manufacturing techniques were used to make zirconia all ceramic crowns in 40 patients. They were divided into 2 groups according to the thickness of the gingival thickness. After 12 months of clinical observation, the aesthetics, stability, and bio-compatibility were evaluated by the crown color, crown edge fitness, losing ratio and gingival health. The data were analyzed using SPSS 13.0 software package. RESULTS: Slight marginal discrepancy was observed in 2 zirconia all ceramic crowns, no evidence of decay was observed at 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: Zirconia all ceramic crowns have a low fracture rate, good biological properties and excellent esthetic properties. It is ideal esthetic prosthesis. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of using different dose of dexmedetomidine during tracheal extubation for patients with parotidectomy after general anesthesia LIU Hua, ZHOU Chi, JI Jun 2016, 25 (3):  368-372.  Abstract ( 220 )   HTML ( 5 )   PDF (806KB) ( 269 )   PURPOSE: To observe the effects of using different-dose dexmedetomidine during tracheal extubation for patients with parotidectomy after general anesthesia. METHODS: Eighty patients with "ASA I~II"scheduled for parotidectomy under general anesthesia were randomly divided into 4 groups, dexmedetomidine group (D1, D2, D3 group) and control group (C group), 20 cases in each group. Anesthesia induction and maintenance were the same. Thirty minutes before the end of surgery, patients in group D1,D2,D3 and group C were infused dexmedetomidine 0.4, 0.8, 1.2 μg/kg diluted to 20 mL and the same volume of normal saline respectively within 10 minutes. After surgery, all patients were sent to the PACU. Extubation was applied to the patients who had extubation indications. SBP, DBP and HR were recorded at each time-point including T0(before induction), T1（the time when extubation, T2(5 min after extubation) and T3(10 min after extubation).The conditions of patients' bucking and agitation in PACU were also recorded. Other recorded indications included Ramsay scores and NRS at the time of extubation, extubation time and orientation recovery time. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS20.0 software package. RESULTS: SBP, DBP and HR at the time of extubation in group C, D1 increased significantly compared with those before extubation (P<0.05). SBP, DBP and HR in group D1 had no significant difference at T0, T1, T2 and T3 from those in group C (P>0.05). Ramsay scores and NRS in group D1 had no significant difference from those in group C (P>0.05). The incidence and degree of bucking in group D1 had declining tendency, but the difference was not significant (P>0.05). SBP, DBP and HR in group D2, D3 were significantly lower at each time-point than those in group C, D1 (P<0.05). The incidence and degree of bucking and agitation in group D2, D3 were lower and lighter than those in group C, D1 and Ramsay scores, NRS also had significant difference (P<0.05). Ramsay scores in group D3 were higher than those in group D2, and NRS in group D3 were significantly lower (P<0.05). Extubation time and orientation recovery time of group D3 were significantly longer than those in group D1, D2 and C (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Dexmedetomidine infusion before the end of parotidectomy can reduce hemodynamic fluctuation during the recovery period and improve the recovery quality. Moderate dose of dexmedetomidine (0.8 μg/kg) was more secure, and would not extend the extubation and orientation recovery time. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Clinical Reports

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A clinical study on blood pressure changes before and after tooth extraction in 649 elderly patients XU Ying, QU Chen, TAN Xiao, LI Xin-li 2016, 25 (3):  373-376.  Abstract ( 406 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (795KB) ( 271 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the safety of tooth extraction under ECG monitoring in 649 senile patients with hypertension by observing the blood pressure changes during operation. METHODS: The patients were divided into hypertension group and non-hypertension group. ECG monitoring was carried out during extraction. Blood pressure changes were monitored and recorded. The data was statistically analyzed with SPSS 18.0 software package. RESULTS: The patients' blood pressure in the two groups increased as a result of tooth extraction, and the change was more obvious in patients with hypertension. When blood pressure was controlled to normal range, there was no significant difference in blood pressure between the hypertension group and non-hypertension group. The increase of blood pressure of patients taking β-receptor blockers was minimal. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative blood pressure control is important for reducing surgical risk in patients with hypertension during ECG monitoring extraction. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Dental Education

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Dental education for college students based on WeChat public platform CHEN Chuan-jun, SUN Tan 2016, 25 (3):  377-380.  Abstract ( 228 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (1230KB) ( 259 )   The authors proposed a model for dental education based on WeChat public platform. In this model, teachers send various kinds of digital teaching information such as PPT,word and video to the WeChat public platform and students share the information for preview before class and differentiate the key-point knowledge from those information for in-depth learning in class. Teachers also send reference materials for expansive learning after class. Questionaire through the WeChat public platform is used to evaluate teaching effect of teachers and improvement may be taken based on the feedback questionnaire. A discussion and interaction based on WeCchat between students and teacher can be aroused on a specific topic to reach a proper solution. With technique development of mobile terminal, mobile class will come true in near future. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Case Reports

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Pigmented villonodular synovitis of the temporomandibular joint：report of one case and review of literatures GAO Qian-qian, FENG Yuan-yong, BU Ling-xue, SONG Kai, DAI Xin, WANG Yan, ZHAO Peng, SHANG Wei 2016, 25 (3):  381-384.  Abstract ( 323 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (1455KB) ( 421 )   Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) is a benign, proliferative disorder of synovium. It often affects the knee, and rarely occurs in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). This paper reported a 45-year-old male patient with PVNS of the TMJ, who was referred with a chief complaint of slowly growing and painless preauricular mass that was noticed about 1 year. Radical excision and follow-up were conducted, no recurrence and metastasis were noted. References | Related Articles | Metrics