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20 August 2014, Volume 23 Issue 4 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Basic Study

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Complementation and function of methyl-metabolic pathway in Streptococcus mutans luxS null strain WANG Yu-xia, GAO Li, JIANG Wen-xin, MA Rui, TANG Zi-sheng, ZHU Cai-lian, HE Zi-yan, HUANG Zheng-wei 2014, 23 (4):  385-390.  Abstract ( 219 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (886KB) ( 309 )   PURPOSE: To complement the activated methyl cycle (AMC) pathway at an AI-2 defect background in Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) luxS null strain. METHODS: A sahH gene was amplified from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and introduced into the S. mutans luxS null strain to complement the methyl-metabolic disruption at an AI-2 defect background. Western blot, reverse-transcription PCR and AI-2 bioassay were performed to confirm the heterogenous expression of SahH in S. mutans luxS null strain. The data was statistically analyzed by SAS8.0 software package. RESULTS: LuxS and SahH were detected to express in Escherichia coli BL21 as well as their mRNA were confirmed to be successfully transcribed in S. mutans luxS null strain. AI-2 production was found in wide type S. mutans and its luxS-introduced luxS null strain but not found in the luxS null strain and its sahH and empty plasmid-introduced strains. CONCLUSIONS: A new S. mutans derivative with the AMC pathway complements while the AI-2 defect is constructed. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Osteogenic gene expression of human periodontal ligament stem cells during osteogenic induction ZHAO Jing-lei, JIANG ling-yong, MAO Li-xia, LIU Jia-qiang, FANG Bing 2014, 23 (4):  391-396.  Abstract ( 302 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (1808KB) ( 252 )   PURPOSE: To isolate and identify the human periodontal ligament stem cells, evaluate osteogenetic capacity, and investigate the changes of osteogenic bone related gene expression in mineralized medium at different times. METHODS: PDLSCs were isolated by tissue culture and magnetic activated cell sorting. Immunofluorescence staining was used for identification. The general situation of osteogenesis was assessed with alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alizarin red staining. Real-time PCR was used to detect the expression of genes in osteoinduction. SPSS12.0 software package was used for data analysis. RESULTS: Tissue culture with magnetic cell sorting could isolate high-purity human periodontal ligament stem cells. During the osteogenic process, the expression of FoxO1 and Runx2 firstly increased and then decreased, ALP and OCN gene levels continued to increase. CONCLUSIONS: Similar to osteogenesis, ALP, Runx2, FoxO1 and OCN are regularly expressed during osteogenic induction. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The effect of hypoxia on proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament cells DONG Jia-chen, SONG Zhong-chen, SHU Rong, LI Song, LIN Zhi-kai,ZHANG Xiu-li 2014, 23 (4):  397-401.  Abstract ( 312 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (777KB) ( 284 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of hypoxia on proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs) in vitro. METHODS: Human PDLCs were isolated and characterized. The proliferation rate of PDLCs under different concentration of CoCl2 were tested by MTT assay. The PDLCs’ osteogenic differentiation were investigated using real-time PCR and Western blot. The date was statistically analyzed with SPSS13.0 software package. RESULTS: Immunocytochemical staining verified that the isolated cells were PDLCs. The proliferation of PDLCs and the expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), RUNX2, collagen I were significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner by 200 μmol/L CoCl2 and 400μmol/L CoCl2. CONCLUSIONS: Hypoxia inhibits proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human PDLCs. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Experimental study of canine bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells combined with calcium phosphate cement for repair of mandibular bone defects in Beagle dogs HU Yi-cheng, LIU Xin, SHEN Ji-jia, HE Jia-cai, CHEN Qiao-er 2014, 23 (4):  402-408.  Abstract ( 387 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (2105KB) ( 300 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) combined with calcium phosphate cement (CPC) scaffold for repair of mandibular defect in Beagle dogs. METHODS: BMSCs were isolated from Beagle dogs and cultured in DMEM plus 10% FBS. The induction effect was determined using alizarin red staining or alkaline phosphate staining at 14-day of culture. BMSCs were added to the CPC scaffold for animal experiments. In vivo, three critical size bone defects were surgically created in each side of the mandible. The bone defects were repaired with BMSCs-CPC (scaffolds with composite seeding cells), CPC (scaffold alone) or no materials (blank group). Two dogs were sacrificed at 4-week and 8-week after operation. Gross observation, X-ray imaging, histologic and histometric analyses were performed to evaluate the level of bone formation. RESULTS: Newly formed bones were detected within all defect sites after operation. The BMSCs-CPC group and CPC group showed increased bone formation compared with the blank group. The BMSCs-CPC group exhibited more bone formation and degradation of the material than the CPC group. The percentage of new bone in the BMSCs-CPC and CPC treated group were significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05), while the percentage of new bone in the BMSCs-CPC sites was higher than that in the CPC sites (P<0.01); the percentage of residual material in the BMSCs-CPC sites was lower than that in the CPC sites (P<0.01) 4 weeks and 8 weeks after operation. CONCLUSIONS: Using the theory of tissue engineering, BMSCs composite CPC compound is an effective method in promoting new bone regeneration, which has a positive influence on the bone space preservation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Hyperlipidemia inhibited inflammatory response to Porphyromonas gingivalis in apolipoprotein E knockout mice LEI Lang, LI Hou-xuan, HUANG Mei-xiang, CHEN Shuai, YAN Fu-hua 2014, 23 (4):  409-412.  Abstract ( 177 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (685KB) ( 222 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the effect and mechanism of hyperlipidemia on inflammatory response to Porphyromonas gingivalis(P. gingivalis) in apolipoprotein E knock out(ApoE-/-) mice. METHODS: Long term hyperlipidemia model was established in ApoE-/- mice, and viable P. gingivalis were injected into peritoneal cavity to make peritonitis model. Bacteria clearance capability was detected by serial dilution, production of pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1(MCP-1)in serum was measured by ELISA, and IL-6 as well as MCP-1 transcription in peritoneal cells was determined by real time PCR. The data was analyzed with SPSS13.0 software package. RESULTS: Hyperlipidemia disrupted P. gingivalis clearance capability in ApoE-/- mice, accompanied by inhibited IL-6 and MCP-1 transcription in peritoneal cells and decreased IL-6 and MCP-1 release into blood. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperlipidemia disrupts inflammatory response to P. gingivalis, leading to decreased bacteria clearance, which may affect periodontitis progression. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The effect of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on the surface properties of nickel-chromium dental casting alloys after electrochemical corrosion QIAO Guang-yan, ZHANG Li-xia, WANG Jue,SHEN Qing-ping, SU Jian-sheng 2014, 23 (4):  413-418.  Abstract ( 170 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (2391KB) ( 179 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on the surface properties of nickel-chromium dental alloys after electrochemical corrosion. METHODS: The surface morphology and surface structure of nickel-chromium dental alloys were examined by stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscopy before and after electrochemical tests in 0 g/L and 1.0 g/L EGCG artificial saliva. The surface element component and chemical states of nickel-chromium dental alloys were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectrograph after electrochemical tests in 0 g/L and 1.0 g/L EGCG artificial saliva. RESULTS: More serious corrosion happened on the surface of nickel-chromium alloy in 1.0 g/L EGCG artificial saliva than in 0 g/L EGCG. The diameters of corrosion pits were smaller, and the dendrite structure of the alloy surface was not affected in 0 g/L EGCG. While the diameters of corrosion pits were larger, the dendritic interval of the alloy surface began to merge, and the dendrite structure was fuzzy in 1.0 g/L EGCG. In addition, the O, Ni, Cr, Be, C and Mo elements were detected on the surface of nickel-chromium alloys after sputtered for 120 s in 0 g/L EGCG and 1.0 g/L EGCG artificial saliva after electrochemical corrosion, and the surface oxides were mainly NiO and Cr2O3. Compared with 0 g/L EGCG artificial saliva, the content of O, NiO and Cr2O3 were lower in 1.0 g/L EGCG. CONCLUSIONS: The results of surface morphology and the corrosion products both show that the corrosion resistance of nickel-chromium alloys become worse and the oxide content of corrosion products on the surface reduce in 1.0 g/L EGCG artificial saliva. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The effect of additional polyphosphazene nanotubes in polyurethane composites on microorganisms adhesion KONG Fang-yuan, ZHENG Yuan-li, LI Jing 2014, 23 (4):  419-422.  Abstract ( 189 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (623KB) ( 207 )   PURPOSE: To investigate Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans adhesion to 3 polyurethane composites [pure polyurethane (PU), 1% polyphosphazene-containing polyurethane (PZS-1%) and 5% polyphosphazene-containing polyurethane (PZS-5%)]. METHODS: Two kinds of microorganism suspension were incubated with the specimens under certain culture conditions and the roughness of 3 materials were determined before adhesion tests. Microorganism attached to the specimen were then observed under optical microscope, and viable micro-organisms adhered to the specimen were then counted and removed. The data was analyzed with SAS 8.02 softwaree package. RESULTS: PU has the roughest surface followed by PZS-1% and PZS-5%. Most amounts of cell adhesion were observed in PU followed by PZS-1% and least amounts were found in PZS-5%. CONCLUSIONS: The increase of polyphosphazene nanotubes in polyurethane composites may have an effect on cell adhesion. Surface roughness of the materials may be one of the factors. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of local injection of rhTGF-β1 on osteoclasts during orthodontic tooth movement in rats XU Yu-hong, LI Gao-hua, LIU Jian-guo, GUAN Xiao-yan 2014, 23 (4):  423-426.  Abstract ( 218 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (697KB) ( 248 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of exogenous TGF-β1 on improving periodontal tissues remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement in rats. METHODS: Eighty male SD rats were randomly divided into 2 groups. Rats in the experimental group were injected respectively with rhTGF-β1 in dosages of 0.1 mL(5 ng/mL) in the buccal submucosal area of the molar every other day, while rats in the control group received equivalent volumes of PBS. Each group (n=40) was subdivided equally into 5 subgroups. An orthodontic appliance, consisting of a 5 mm nickel titanium closed coil spring, was ligated between the maxillary left incisor and first molar of each rat to deliver an initial force of 0.49N. Eight rats in each subgroup were sacrificed at one of the five time points(1, 4, 7, 10 and 14 days) after appliance placement. The distance of the tooth movement was measured by using stereomicroscope. Tissue sections around the first maxillary left molar were stained with tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) histochemistry to analyze the changes of the amount and distribution of osteoclasts on the compression side of tooth. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 17.0 software package. RESULTS: Molars treated with rhTGF-β1 moved mesially more rapidly than the control group. The distance of tooth movement of the experimental group showed a significant increase compared with the control group at day 7 (P<0.05) and significant increase compared with the control group at day 10 and 14 (P<0.01). The number of TRAP positive cells appearing in the periodontal ligament space on the pressure side of the alveolar bone were increased markedly in experimental group. There were statistically significant differences in the amount of osteoclasts between experimental and control groups (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Local injection of rhTGF-β1 in the periodontal tissues can accelerate orthodontic tooth movement via enhancing the numbers of osteoclasts. At the histologic level, increased numbers of mononuclear osteoclasts are recruited and activated, resulting in greater amounts of alveolar bone resorption on the pressure side of the periodontal ligament. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of molar root canal angles on the integrity of impression made by agar CAO Yong, WEI Chun-hua, LIAO Hong-bing, LI Xiao-jie 2014, 23 (4):  427-430.  Abstract ( 216 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (617KB) ( 179 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of impressions made by agar/alginate compared with silicon rubber material. METHODS: Five moulds of bi-root canal molar, with different root canal angles of 0°, 10°, 20°, 30° and 40° were made. Twenty impressions were made for each mould with either silicon rubber or agar/alginate. The effects of two methods were evaluated and the influence of angles between root canals on the impression methods was analyzed. The data was analyzed with SPSS16.0 software package. RESULTS: Significant difference of integrality rate (IR) of impression was not found in silicon rubber group among different angle groups (P>0.05). IR of 40° group(60%) was significantly lower than that of 0°(95%) and general IR(83%) when using agar(P<0.05). IR of agar(60%) was statistically lower than silicon rubber(90%) in 40° group (P<0.05).The success rate of agar method was significantly lower than silicon rubber method in 40° group. The general IR of agar (83%) was significantly lower than that of silicon rubber (95%)(P<0.05). A significant negative correlation was observed between root canal angles and IR(r=-0.901,P=0.037). CONCLUSIONS: Silicon rubber impression materials are suggested for impression taking when root canal angles are over 30° in molars, while agar/alginate impression method is qualified for smaller angles. The general IR of silicon rubber material is better than that of agar when taking the impression of post and core in molar. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of lipopolysaccharide on the expression of ALP、BSP、DSPP in rat dental pulp cells WANG Yan-li, PAN Ke-qing, SUN Yan, DENG Jing 2014, 23 (4):  431-435.  Abstract ( 233 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1356KB) ( 279 )   PURPOSE: To study the changes of expression of dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), bone sialoprotein (BSP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in rat dental pulp cells, which were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). METHODS: Rat dental pulp cells were cultured by the method of tissue block in vitro and identified. The cells were treated with Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g) LPS at concentrations of 0.1, 1, 10, 100 and 10000 ng/mL. The effects of treatment were respectively examined by the expression of DSPP, BSP and ALP in rat dental pulp cells with real time PCR (RT-PCR) after 1, 3, 5 days of culture. The data was statistically analyzed with SPSS17.0 software package. RESULTS: Under phase contrast microscopy, the adherent cells were found to be primarily typical fibroblasts, and part of the polygonal cells with protuberant cytoplasm. RT-PCR showed that rat dental pulp cells expressed higher mRNA of BSP, DSPP and ALP at concentrations of 1 ng/mL and 10 ng/mL, whereas the expression of BSP, DSPP and ALP mRNA were lower at concentrations of 100 ng/mL and 10000 ng/mL. After 1, 3, 5 days treatment, the expression of BSP, DSPP and ALP gradually reduced in the cells treated with 1, 10, 100 and 10000 ng/mL LPS; while they had no significant change at the concentration of 0.1 ng/mL LPS. CONCLUSIONS: Lower concentration of P.g LPS promotes the expression of ALP, BSP and DSPP in rat dental pulp cells, but larger concentration has inhibitory effect. With the increase of incubation time, the promoting effect decreases gradually, while the inhibition effect increases gradually. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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An in vitro comparison of the influence of different surface treatment on shear bond strength between zirconia and enamel CHENG Hong, QIAO Guang-yan, DONG Cong, ZHANG Fu-qiang 2014, 23 (4):  436-440.  Abstract ( 153 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (979KB) ( 333 )   PURPOSE: To compare the shear bond strength of zirconia to enamel using different surface treatments, in order to provide evidence for clinical practice. METHODS: Forty cut and fully sintered Lava frame zirconia blocks (2.7 mm×2.7 mm×5 mm) were randomly divided into 4 groups and subjected to 4 different surface treatments: no treatment (control), airborne-particle abrasion; airborne-particle abrasion and silane; airborne-particle abrasion and CoJet sand (silica coating with 30 μm silica-modified alumina particles) and silane. After surface treatment, the zirconia blocks were bonded to acid-etched enamel with self-adhesive resin cement (RelyX Unicem). Half of the specimens in each group were stored in 37℃ distilled water for 24 h and the others were thermocycled (5℃ and 55℃) for 5000 cycles. All specimens were subjected to shear bond strength (SBS) test. The data was analyzed with SPSS 20.0 software package for two-way ANOVA and t test. Failure mode was observed and analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). RESULTS: Airborne-particle abrasion and CoJet Sand and silane group resulted in a significantly higher SBS than those in other groups (P<0.001), while no significant difference existed between the specimens which were submerged in 37℃ water stored and thermocycled (P=0.595) within this group. No adhesive failures were observed by SEM in this group. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of tribochemical silica coating with silane coupling can improve the bond of zirconia when self-adhesive resin cement is used and it is recommended as a pre-treatment to increase zirconia retention. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on cleaning rate of the C-shaped canal treated by manual or rotary endodontic file combined with ultrasonic rinsing WANG Jing, GAO yan, WANG Qing-shan, ZHANG yan, RONG Li, WANG Jiu 2014, 23 (4):  441-445.  Abstract ( 254 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (797KB) ( 204 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the cleaning effect of the C-shaped canal treated by manual K file and ProTaper rotary endodontic file combined with ultrasonic cleaning, and find a better cleaning program for the C-shaped root canal. METHODS: Fifty mandibular second molars were randomly divided into 5 groups: K file group, K file + ultrasonic rinsing group, ProTaper group, ProTaper + ultrasonic rinsing group and the control group. After initial shaping and cleaning, the mandibular second molars were soaked in formalin and stained. Under microscopy, the cleaning rate of necrotic tissue and cutting area were observed and analyzed. The data was processed with SPSS 17.0 software package. RESULTS: The cleaning rates of the treated groups were significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05); In each treatment group, the cleaning rate of the apex was significantly lower than that of the crown and central part (P<0.05); The cutting score of ProTaper + ultrasonic cleaning group was lower than that of the other treatment groups; The cutting score of the K file + ultrasonic rinsing group was significantly lower than that of the K file group (P<0.05); The cutting score and cleaning rate were negatively correlated (r=-0.712, P=0.000 ), the linear regression was the cleaning rate =98.325-4.325 × wall cutting score (R2=0.454, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In the process of shaping and cleaning of C-shaped canal, it is recommended that the ProTaper nickel-titanium rotary endodontic file should be chosen to clean the top of the taproot pipe and combined with ultrasonic rinsing to achieve better results. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Clinical Study

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Individualized restorative designs and clinical evaluation for dental implants in the anterior esthetic zone with inappropriate conditions DAI Wen-yong, ZHOU Guo-xing, ZHANG Xiao-zhen, ZHAO Yi, WANG Jie, YANG Yi, ZHU Zhi-jun, TANG Chun-bo 2014, 23 (4):  446-451.  Abstract ( 295 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1840KB) ( 273 )   PURPOSE: To offer individualized restorative strategies for patients receiving dental implants in the anterior esthetic zone but with inappropriate available conditions and evaluate the clinical outcomes. METHODS: Forty-six patients with 58 implants were recruited for the study in accordance with the criteria and received individualized implant prostheses in the anterior esthetic zone. The patients were followed up for 3-24 months, and the clinical outcomes were evaluated by pink and white esthetic scores (PES/WES). RESULTS: The patients were from 18 to 69 years old, and followed up for 12.6 months in average. According to the third month follow-up esthetic scores, for PES, 1.72% of the patients got low scores, 44.83% got medium scores and 53.45% got high scores; For WES, 0% got low scores, 20.69% got medium scores and 79.31% got high scores. No implant failure or peri-implantitis occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Individualized restorative designs for implants in the esthetic zone can effectively improve the appearance of the prostheses which originally have no appropriate available space. Close follow-up and monitoring of the peri-implant soft tissue and proper oral hygiene instructions are important to ensure the conditions of the prostheses. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Multiple factors analysis of periodontal status in pregnant women in Shanghai CHEN Lin, LU Hai-xia, WEI Tian-you, FENG Xi-ping 2014, 23 (4):  452-456.  Abstract ( 225 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (580KB) ( 282 )   PURPOSE: To assess the periodontal health status of pregnant women in Shanghai, and to investigate the factors that may influence the periodontal health status of pregnant women, in order to provide theoretical evidence for the pointed oral health education and public health strategies in future. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out to recruit pregnant women (0 to 40 weeks) randomly selected from primary Maternal and Child Care Service Centers in Shanghai. The data collection included the questionnaire survey and clinical periodontal examination. Visible plaque index (VPI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment level (CAL) were assessed during the clinical examination. Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were performed to analyze the data by SPSS 18.0 software package. RESULTS: A total of 561 pregnant women were surveyed. The mean age was (27.5±4.0) years. The mean gestational age was (18.9±8.1) weeks, ranged from 5 to 40 weeks. The prevalence of periodontal disease during pregnancy was 49.6%, of which the prevalence of gingivitis and periodontitis were 42.8% and 6.8%, respectively. The results of multiple logistic regression showed that pregnant women who were in the second and third trimesters, and whose place of residence was rural were significantly more likely to suffer periodontal disease. CONCLUSIONS: Gestational age and place of residence are the factors that are associated with the prevalence of periodontal disease among pregnant women in Shanghai. More oral health education and promotion should be targeted on these pregnant women at high-risk. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of periodontal-pulp combined therapy on severe periodontitis GUI Yong, FENG Chen-chen 2014, 23 (4):  457-459.  Abstract ( 220 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (361KB) ( 301 )   PURPOSE: To explore the necessity of periodontal-pulp combined therapy for severe periodontitis. METHODS: From May 2009 to September 2011, 52 patients who were diagnosed of severe periodontitis were involved in this study. They were randomly divided into 2 groups. Patients in group A were given periodontal-pulp combined therapy, while patients in group B were given periodontal therapy. SBI, PD, AL were recorded in baseline, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year and 2 years after treatment. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS13.0 software package. RESULTS: All the indexes were different between 2 groups in baseline. Three months after treatment, all the indexes were not significantly different between two groups. Six months after treatment, SBI was significantly different between 2 groups, but PD and AL were not significantly different between 2 groups. One year after treatment, all the indexes were significantly different between 2 groups. Two years after treatment, SBI was not significantly different between 2 groups, but PD and AL were significantly different between two groups. The results of periodontal-pulp combined therapy were better than periodontal therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Periodontal-pulp combined therapy is necessary for patients with severe periodontitis. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the influence of psychological factors in developing manifestations of temporomandibular disorders YANG Xian-rui, SONG Ying, ZHANG Xi, XU Hao, SHI Zong-dao, PAN Jian 2014, 23 (4):  460-464.  Abstract ( 617 )   HTML ( 4 )   PDF (571KB) ( 465 )   PURPOSE: To determine whether psychological factors be a risk of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) or not. METHODS: A case-control study was carried out in 100 patients with TMD and 100 controls without TMD. A self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and self-rating depression scale (SDS) were used as the instruments to evaluate tendencies of anxiety and depression. The suspected confounding factors such as habit of eating hard food, chewing on one side, knocking teeth, night bruxism and history of extraction of teeth were also recorded. The data were analyzed by using Stata 11.0 software package to estimate risk strength of the psychological factors and confounding factors in occurrence of TMD. The cut point of significance was set up at 0.05. RESULTS: The mean scores of SAS and SDS of TMD group were significantly higher than those of control group (P<0.05).The trend tests of OR in SAS and SDS were both reaching to a significant level. The logistic analysis showed that only SAS and lateral chewing are significant risk factors of TMD (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Tendencies of anxiety and depression are the significant risk factors related to TMD. However, when confounding factor such as chewing on one side exists, only tendency of anxiety remains a significant risk of TMD. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The expression and significance of RORγT in periapical granulomas and radicular cysts LANG Xiao-ying, LI Song 2014, 23 (4):  465-471.  Abstract ( 412 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (1841KB) ( 258 )   PURPOSE: To identify retinoic acid-related orphan nuclear receptor-γT (RORγT), the specific markers of T helper 17 (Th17) cells by immunohistochemical analysis to confirm the presence of Th17 cells in periapical lesions. METHODS: Eighteen radicular cysts (RCs) and 22 periapical granulomas (PGs) were collected in the Department of Oral Pathology after periapical surgery as the experimental samples. Five alveolar bone samples were obtained from a group of impacted third molars recommended for extraction as the control samples. The protein expression of RORγT was measured by immunohistochemical analysis for all samples. In addition, the protein expression of IL-17 was measured at the same time. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 17.0 software package to evaluate the differences of expression of RORγT and IL-17 according to type of lesion (PG vs. RC vs. control group) and intensity of the inflammatory infiltration (mild vs. moderate vs. severe vs. control group). RESULTS: RORγT+ cells were detected in all periapical lesions tissues, and the expression of RORγT was significantly higher in periapical lesions than in normal tissues which had no expression of RORγT (P<0.05). Significant differences in the expression of RORγT were observed among healthy tissues, lesions with mild inflammation, moderate inflammation and severe inflammation (P<0.05), respectively. Positive correlations between RORγT and IL-17 protein levels were observed in PGs (r=0.935,P<0.05) and RCs (r=0.803,P<0.05), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrates a significant increase in the expression of RORγT in patients suffering from periapical lesions in comparison with normal control subjects, indicating that Th17 cells are more likely to exist in periapical lesions. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expressions of RORγτ and FOXP3 and clinical significance in patients with oral lichen planus XIE San-xiang, FENG Lin, ZHU Sheng-rong, DING Lei 2014, 23 (4):  472-476.  Abstract ( 278 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (768KB) ( 262 )   PURPOSE: Oral lichen planus was considered as T cell mediated autoimmune disease affecting oral mucosa with unknown etiopathogenesis. Helper T lymphocytes played an important role in the pathogenesis of OLP. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible role of Th17 and Treg cells in OLP lesions. METHODS: Forty three patients with OLP (24 patients with reticular OLP and 19 patients with atrophic-erosive OLP) and 13 healthy volunteers were recruited in this study. Real-time quantitative PCR was performed to detect the expressions of RORγτ and FOXP3, which were the lineage-specific transcription factors for Th17 and Treg, respectively. Statistical difference was evaluated by GraphPad Prism 5 software. RESULTS: The results showed that the expressions of RORγτ and FOXP3 in OLP lesions were significantly higher than that in normal oral mucosa, and correlated with the clinical classification of OLP. Additionally, it was found that RORγτ/FOXP3 ratio in atrophic-erosive OLP was significantly higher than that in reticular OLP and control group; Moreover, increased RORγτ/FOXP3 ratio in reticular OLP was found compared with control group, but the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate that Th17 and Treg cells participate in the immune response in OLP lesions. Th17 predominance of Th17/Treg imbalance may implicate the immune response in atrophic-erosive OLP. These findings help to broaden our view on the pathogenesis of OLP. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical application of submental island flap in repairing oropharynx defects after cancer ablation LI Feng-mei, FENG Yuan-yong, JIN Xiao-ming, SHANG Wei 2014, 23 (4):  477-480.  Abstract ( 251 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1119KB) ( 324 )   PURPOSE:To discuss the clinical effects of submental island flap on repairing oropharynx defects after cancer ablation, and provide experience for clinical application. METHODS:Thirteen oropharyngeal cancer patients were included, and they were repaired with submental island flaps in oropharynx regions after cancer ablation and radical neck dissection. Among them, 12 patients were squamous cell carcinoma, and 1 patient was carcinoma. RESULTS: Of the 13 flaps used, 12 submental island flaps survived, only 1 flap had partial necrosis at the distal margin, which healed after triming and dressing. The follow-up time was 3 months to 3 years, and tumor recurrence or metastasis was not noted. All patients got good eating and speech functions. CONCLUSIONS:Submental island flap is safe and effective for repairing small or middle sized oropharynx defects after cancer ablation, which is located in the area of radical neck dissection, and has the advantages of simple operation,hidden incision and fewer lymph node metastasis in level I. Submental island flap has excellent clinical usefulness. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of survivin in ameloblastoma and its clinical significance LI le, ZHANG Xing-le, WANG Peng, LIU Yu 2014, 23 (4):  481-484.  Abstract ( 180 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (959KB) ( 211 )   PURPOSE: To study the expression of survivin in ameloblastoma and its clinical significance. METHODS: Immunohistochemical S-P method was used to detect the expression of survivin in clinical significance. Seventy cases of ameloblastoma (AB), 15 cases of malignant AB and 30 cases of normal oral mucosa were included. SPLUS13.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Survivin was strongly expressed in AB and malignant AB. The positive rate in malignant AB was up to 100%, followed by 82.9% in AB. Survivin was weakly expressed in normal oral mucosa, with a positive rate of 30%. The difference among the 3 groups was significant (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Survivin is overexpressed in AB compared to normal oral mucosa. Survivin is involved in the development and progress of AB, and the ability of invasion and canceration of AB is correlated with the overexpression of survivin. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of premolar extractions on Bolton index overall ratios WEI Zhu-liang, WANG Yi-ling, ZHANG Wen-mei 2014, 23 (4):  485-488.  Abstract ( 495 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (435KB) ( 311 )   PURPOSE:To investigate the effect of premolar extraction on Bolton index overall ratios. METHODS:Bolton index overall ratios were measured in 198 randomly chosen dental casts of three types of Angle’s malocclusions before and after 4 combinations of hypothetical premolar extractions. The data was processed using SPSS 17.0 software package. RESULTS:The overall ratios decreased in each class of Angle’s malocclusion after all combinations of premolars extraction, and the decreases in combinations of 5/5 and 5/4 extractions were significantly greater than that of 4/4 and 4/5 combinations (P<0.05), but no significant difference was found between different types of malocclusion (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS:When formulating a treatment plan involving premolar extractions, orthodontists should consider that the Bolton overall ratios may decrease. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Profile analysis and comparison of the Han and Uygur adult in Xinjiang area MENG Kang, YU Xin-wei, GAO Cheng-zhi 2014, 23 (4):  489-493.  Abstract ( 645 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (643KB) ( 182 )   PURPOSE: To obtain the profile and difference between the Han and Uygur normal adult in Xinjiang area. METHODS: According to the accepted standards, the Han and Uygur college students in Urumqi city were randomly selected for this study. These students were divided into 2 groups according to gender. Profiles were taken for every subject in accordance with same standards respectively. The data were imported into computer. Photoshop software was used for measuring the profiles in many measurement projects at fixed point. Independent sample t test was applied for achieved data with SPSS19.0 software package. RESULTS: The lip protrusion of the male was larger than that of the female and the tip of nose was the opposite. However, the Han adults have protruding lips, underdeveloped chin and upturned nose compared with the Uygur adults. CONCLUSIONS: There are significant differences of profile between 2 nationalities and sexes in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Clinical Reports

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Clinical analysis of 108 cases of jaw ameloblastoma DING Cun-shan, WANG Quan, GAO Zhen-ran, ZHANG Zhu-lian 2014, 23 (4):  494-497.  Abstract ( 529 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (391KB) ( 398 )   PURPOSE: To review the age of onset, gender, sites, pathologic types, operation methods and prognosis, and explore the internal relations in 108 cases of ameloblastoma. METHODS: The patients were divided into 7 groups according to the age, and then the proportion, primary site, pathologic type, and recurrence rate of ameloblastoma in all groups were analyzed. The relationship among pathologic type, recurrence rate and primary site, as well as the relationship between operation methods and recurrence rate were evaluated. RESULTS: In 108 patients, 61 patients were 20-39 years old (56.48%) with more men than women. 88 patients occurred in the mandible(81.48%). Follicular type accounted for 45.37%, and plexiform type accounted for 62.96%. The average recurrence rate of 108 patients was 32.41%, and recurrence was more often in patients over 50 years old. The postoperative recurrence rate of 65 patients treated by curettage was 43.08%, while it was 16.28% in 43 patients treated by radical correction. The recurrent rate was 34.69% in follicular type, 26.47% in plexiform type, and 28.57% in acanthoma type and granular cell type respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Ameloblastoma usually occurs in young men, more frequently in mandibular molar region, ramus and mandibular angle. Follicular type and plexiform type are the most common pathological types. Follicular type relapses more easily. Compared with curettage, radical surgery can reduce the recurrent rate. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Systematic Review

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GSTP1 Ile105Val polymorphism confer susceptibility to oral cancer: a meta-analysis YAN Jin, XIE Li-ming, SHEN Guo-fang, YU De-dong, WANG Yi-lin 2014, 23 (4):  498-504.  Abstract ( 367 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1137KB) ( 240 )   PURPOSE: This meta-analysis was aimed to evaluate the association of glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) Ile105Val genetic polymorphism with susceptibility to oral cancer. METHODS: A literature search of PubMed, Chinese BioMedical, Wanfang, VIP, CNKI databases was conducted from inception to July 15th, 2013. Crude odd ration (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was calculated. RESULTS: Thirteen case-control studies were assessed, including 2,019 oral cancer patients and 3,282 healthy controls. Meta-analysis showed that the overall association between GSTP1 Ile105Val polymorphism and susceptibility to oral cancer was not significant. However, further stratified analyses based on ethnicity indicated that this association was significant in East Asians (Val vs. Ile: OR=1.42, 95%CI: 1.06-1.90, P=0.019; Val/Val+Ile/Val vs. Ile/Ile: OR=1.59, 95%CI: 1.13-2.23, P=0.007) and Euro Caucasians (Val vs. Ile: OR=1.34, 95%CI: 1.03-1.75, P=0.032; Val/Val+Ile/Val vs. Ile/Ile: OR=1.66, 95%CI: 1.15-2.38, P=0.006), but not significant in South Asians and America Caucasians. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis provides further evidence that GSTP1 Ile105Val polymorphism may be associated with oral cancer risk among East Asians and Euro Caucasians. However, further large-scale studies are needed to determine the association of GSTP1 Ile105Val genetic polymorphism with susceptibility to oral cancer. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Dental Education

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A pilot study of establishing course of professional English on stomatology SUN Jian, CHEN Hui, XU Wei-ning, ZHENG Jia-wei 2014, 23 (4):  505-507.  Abstract ( 307 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (401KB) ( 244 )   The importance of specialized English on stomatology is becoming more and more significant under the new situation. It used to be focused on vocabulary and literature teaching in the original course of specialized English, which was lack of practicability. Thus, we try to establish a course of professional English on stomatology during the postgraduate stage of the seven-year students in our college, in order to complement the course of specialized English on stomatology and improve the students’ practical ability to use specialized English. In this paper, the teaching content and method, teaching materials setting and the feedback from students on the course were discussed and analyzed, in order to lay a foundation for better construction of the course. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Review Article

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Orthodontic treatment of hyperdivergent skeletal Class Ⅱ malocclusion XU Yang, HAN Xiang-long, BAI Ding 2014, 23 (4):  508-512.  Abstract ( 610 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (535KB) ( 501 )   Hyperdivergent skeletal Class Ⅱ malocclusion has always been a challenge in orthodontics for both sagittal and vertical discrepancies. In recent years, many therapies had been proposed with varied mechanism and results. This article reviewed the clinical manifestation and pathological mechanism of hyperdivergent skeletal Class Ⅱ malocclusion, as well as the effectiveness and key points of treatment for different therapies. References | Related Articles | Metrics