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20 April 2014, Volume 23 Issue 2 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Basic Study

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The effect of fluoride on the metabolism of teeth and bone in rats LIU Lu, ZHANG Ying, GU He-feng, ZHANG Kai-qiang, MA Lin, CHENG Rui-bo, ZHANG Si-yu 2014, 23 (2):  129-132.  Abstract ( 267 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (991KB) ( 253 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of fluoride on the metabolism of teeth and bone in rats, and to probe the mechanism of pathogenesis of dental fluorosis. METHODS: A total of 48 Wistar rats were randomly and equally divided into 4 groups including control group (distilled water), low-dose group(NaF, 50 mg/L), medium-dose group (NaF, 100 mg/L) and high-dose group (NaF, 150 mg/L). After 8 weeks, the rats were sacrificed under anesthesia, and serums were collected. The biochemical technique was used to test serum calcium. Changes in the fluorine content in serums and teeth of each group were analyzed with fluoride ion selective electrode method. Radioimmunoassay was employed to detect the levels of osteocalcin (OC), parathormone (PTH) and calcitonin (CT), respectively. SPSS13.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The fluorine content in serum and teeth in the fluoride group were significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05), and increased with the increasing concentrations (F value was 11..234 and 275.148 respectively, P<0.01). The level of calcium in serum (F=3.906, P<0.05) in the fluoride group was significantly lower than in the control group. The level of PTH and OC in serum in medium and high-dose group were significantly higher than in the control group (P<0.01), with the level of CT in high-dose group decreased significantly (P<0.01). The differences of the level of OC, PTH, CT between groups were significant (F value was 8.548, 3.801 and 5.121 respectively, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Fluoride affects the metabolism of teeth and bone in rats and OC, PTH, CT plays a key role in the pathogenesis of dental fluorosis. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on gene vaccine pcDNA3-PAc against dental caries by intranasal immunization in rabbits WANG Jing, LIU Jian-guo, JIANG Jing, WANG Wei, BAI Guo-hui, GUAN Xiao-yan 2014, 23 (2):  133-137.  Abstract ( 391 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (710KB) ( 232 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the efficiency of pcDNA3-PAc on Japanese long-eared white rabbits by intranasal immunization, and observe the appreciate gene vaccine dose in rabbit immunization. METHODS: Thirty Japanese long-eared white rabbits were randomly divided into 5 groups (6 in each group) as follows: 200, 400, 600 μg pcDNA3-PAc plasmid group; 400 μg pcDNA3 group and inactivated whole-cell vaccine positive control group. The rabbits were immunized twice, and plasmid groups and whole-cell group were coupled Freund's adjuvant with 1:1 ratio. The specific IgG and S-IgA antibodies in serum and saliva were detected with indirect ELISA method. The data was analyzed with SPSS 17.0 software package. RESULTS: ① The peak time of the antibodies appeared between 8-10 weeks after the first immunization; ②The specific antibodies IgG and S-IgA could be detected 2 weeks after immunization;③The level of salivary specific S-IgA and serum specific IgG of pcDNA3-PAc were significantly higher than negative groups (P<0.05). The titer of the 200 μg was significantly lower than those of 400 μg and 600 μg group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: ①The recombinant plasmid pcDNA3-PAc has immunogenicity, which can induce specific immune responses for 14 weeks in rabbits. ②The results of the present study show that 200 μg, 400 μg and 600 μg are effective immunizational dosage to 1.5 kg Japanese long-eared white rabbits. ③400 μg and 600 μg pcDNA3-PAc can be considered as the optimal dosage than 200 μg at present experimental condition. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of HIF-1α in the genioglossus associated with induced bilateral intermittent nasal obstruction in young rats LIU Jiong, CHEN Jin-dong, NIE Ping, SHENG Xiao, ZHAO Yan-hui, XU Xiao-long, TAO Li, ZHU Min 2014, 23 (2):  138-142.  Abstract ( 217 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (981KB) ( 994 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the expression of HIF-1α in the genioglossus associated with induced bilateral intermittent nasal obstruction in young rats. METHODS: Thirty 4-week-old SD rats were employed and equally divided into 3 groups. In group A, both nostrils were occluded by nose plugs. In group B, the right nostril was occluded. In group C, no obstruction of the nose was performed as control group. The obstruction time was from 8 am to 12 am everyday, and the period was 21 d and 55 d. The genioglossus was taken for HE, and immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of HIF-1α. The data was analyzed with SPSS 13.0 software package. RESULTS: The rats were sacrificed at the 21th day and 55th day, respectively. The expression of HIF-1α in group A was significantly higher than that in group B and group C, and became stronger with the increasing of obstruction time. CONCLUSIONS: Oral breathing caused by bilateral intermittent nasal obstruction in young rats results in overexpression of HIF-1α in the genioglossus. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparative study of sensitivity of different dental metal materials LIU Yue, WANG Xiao-ping, WU-Bin, HU-Yue, DOU Xia, SUN Hong-ying, DING Ya-tong, ZHANG Xin 2014, 23 (2):  143-148.  Abstract ( 218 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (935KB) ( 252 )   PURPOSE: To compare the sensitivity of different dental metal materials, in order to provide references for choosing of dental metal materials. METHODS: Patch test was performed on 92 patients wearing dental metal prosthesis. Pearson Chi-square test, corrected Chi-square test and Fisher exact test were used for statistical analysis with SPSS17.0 software package. RESULTS: ①The sensitivity rates of different metal materials were different. The allergy rate of nickel (Ni) was the highest (22.8%), while the allergy rate of aluminum (Al) was 0. ②More women were allergic to both palladium (Pd) and nickel (Ni) than men with significant difference (P>0.05). ③Women with ear piercing were more allergic to nickel (Ni), but there was no significant correlation between ear piercing and nickel allergy (P>0.05).④There was cross reaction between nickel(Ni)and palladium (Pd), 83.3% of palladium (Pd) allergy patients were allergic to nickel (Ni), while 47.6% of nickel(Ni) allergy patients were allergic to palladium (Pd). ⑤Patch test had a delayed reaction. CONCLUSIONS: Dental metal materials have certain allergies, women are more allergic to both palladium (Pd) and nickel (Ni) than men, with significant difference. Patch test may have a delayed reaction. If necessary, observation for 96 h, 7 days or even longer time, are needed to exclude false positivity. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The influence of drilling pulling ways and cooling systems on dental implant surgery LIU Dao-yang, WU Yu-nong, CHENG Ning, PENG Wei, LIAO Wen-qing, WANG Yan-ling 2014, 23 (2):  149-153.  Abstract ( 325 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (923KB) ( 231 )   PURPOSE: To study the effect of different ways of pulling the drilling burs and cooling systems on alveolar bone temperature of the surgical area, and explore the changes of temperature field in dental implants. METHODS: Forty-eight unified standard artificial (nylon) bone blocks were fabricated and divided into 6 groups according to different drilling pulling ways and cooling systems. The changes of bone temperature field were detected in 6 groups, and the highest temperature in temperature field was measured and recorded. The date was analyzed with SPSS 12.0 software package for ANOVA. RESULTS: The temperature in the surgical area using internal cooling systems under the same drilling pulling was lower than using external cooling systems. The temperature in the surgical area using secondary drilling pulling way was lower than using direct drilling methods under the same cooling systems. The temperature in the surgical area using secondary drilling pulling way was the lowest when internal cooling systems was adopted(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Drilling pulling way and internal cooling systems can effectively reduce the temperature in the surgical area, lessen heat production and improve the success rate of dental implants. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of expression of transforming growth factor-β1 in rat dental pulp during direct pulp capping with 2 capping agents ZHANG Xiao-fang, YAO Ya-peng, KANG Hong-Ying, DONG Pei 2014, 23 (2):  154-159.  Abstract ( 282 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (2221KB) ( 215 )   PUPPOSE: To examine and compare the expression of transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1)in rat dental pulp after direct pulp capping with calcium hydroxide(CH)and mineral trioxide aggregate(MTA). METHODS: The model of direct dental pulp capping after first molars was established in 28 female Wistar rats with CH and MTA.The rats were sacrificed 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after direct pulp capping. TGF-β1 expression in pulp tissues were measured with immunohistochemical staining.The data was analyzed by Dunnett t test and paired t test with SPSS 13.0 software package. RESULTS: The results showed that no TGF-β1 expression was detected in the control group. After direct pulp capping with MTA, TGF-β1 expression gradually increased and reached peak expression on 5 day. TGF-β1 expression gradually decreased afterwards and reached normal on 21 day after direct pulp. TGF-β1 was mainly expressed in neutrophils, odontoblasts cells, vascular endothelial cells and fibroblasts. The expression of TGF-β1 was significantly different between 2 capping agents 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 days after direct pulp capping (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that TGF-β1 expression increases at first and then decreases after direct pulp capping. The type of capping agents has an impact on the expression of TGF-β1 after direct pulp capping. MTA enhances more TGFβ-1 expression than CH 1, 3, 5, 7 and 14 days after direct pulp capping. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Finite element stress analysis of all-ceramic continuous crowns of the lower anterior teeth in differential shoulder thickness OUYANG Shao-bo, WANG Jun, ZHANG Hong-bin, LIAO Lan, ZHU Hong-shui 2014, 23 (2):  160-165.  Abstract ( 217 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (1464KB) ( 194 )   PURPOSE:To investigate the stress distributions under load in 3 types of all-ceramic continuous crowns of the lower anterior teeth with differential shoulder thickness. METHODS: Cone-beam CT (CBCT) was used to scan the in vitro mandibular central incisors, and achieve three-dimensional finite element model of all-ceramic continuous crowns with different shoulder width by using Mimics, Abaqus software. Different load conditions were simulated based on this model to study the effect of shoulder width variation on finite element analysis of 3 kinds of different all-ceramic materials of incisors fixed continuous crowns of the mandibular. RESULTS: Using CBCT, Mimics10.01 software and Abaqus 6.11 software, three-dimensional finite element model of all-ceramic continuous crowns of the mandibular incisor, abutment, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone was established. Different ceramic materials and various shoulder width had minor no impact on the equivalent stress peak of periodontal membrane, as well as alveolar bone. With the same shoulder width and large area of vertical loading of 120 N, the tensile stress was the largest in In-Ceram Alumina, followed by In-Ceram Zirconia and the minimum was IPS.Empress II. Under large area loading of 120 N 45° labially, when the material was IPS.Empress II, with the shoulder width increased, the porcelain plate edge of the maximum tensile stress value increased, while the other 2 materials had no obvious change. CONCLUSIONS:Finite element model has good geometric similarity. In the setting range of this study, when the elastic modulus of ceramic materials is bigger, the tensile stress of the continuous crown is larger. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Quantitative analysis of nFA/PEEK implant interfaces in Beagle dogs LI Ling-yu, ZHOU Cong-ying, WEI Jie, MA Jian 2014, 23 (2):  166-171.  Abstract ( 194 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1502KB) ( 243 )   PURPOSE: A new synthetic nano-fluorapatite poly-ether-ether-ketone (nFA/PEEK) dental implant in screw type was developed and its biocompatibility and osseointegration ability were evaluated in Beagle dogs. METHODS: Ten sandblasted and 10 non-sandblasted nFA/PEEK implants were placed in 6 adult Beagle dogs and the bilateral mandibular second and third premolar was extracted and the wounds were healed over 3 months. Three dogs were randomly chosen and executed at the end of 8th and 12th week. To evaluated bone to implant contact(BIC) and mineral apposition rate(MAR), tetracycline was intramuscularly given twice at 10th and 3rd day, before sacrifice respectively. The implants and the surrounding bone as a whole were collected and examined by synchrotron radiation tomography. Undecalcified implant and bone specimens were cut and stained by Van Gieson for a static histomorphometric analysis. The data was analyzed using SPSS18.0 software package. RESULTS: The implants were demonstrated by synchrotron radiation and connected to most of their bone beds at 8th week. Some new bones were developed into threads of screw implants, while complete osseointegration were noted at 12th week. Sandblasted implants were found to be faster matured. BIC and MAR of sandblasted group (63.34%, 1.51 μm/d) were significantly higher than that of non-sandblasted group (22.97%, 1.34 μm/d) (P<0.05) at 8th week. BIC of sandblasted group (75.49%) was significantly higher than that of non-sandblasted (55.35%) (P<0.05) at 12th week, while MAR was not significantly different between the 2 groups (1.28 μm/d versus 1.27 μm/d). The static parameters showed that bone volume fraction (BV/TV) and trabecular number (Tb.N) of sandblasted group were significantly higher than that of non-sandblasted group, while trabecular spacing (Tb.Sp) was significantly lower (P<0.05); No significant difference was found in trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) between 2 groups (P>0.05). The sandblasting group was more conductive to increase their bone mass. CONCLUSIONS: Sandblasted synthetic polymer’s biomaterial nFA/PEEK has excellent biocompatibility and osteogenic properties, which is better osseointegrated to its bone bed. It will be a promising material as dental implants in the future. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The effect of vascular endothelial cells on the migration of periodontal ligament cells and gingival fibroblasts DIN Jin, YIN Yuan-zheng, HUANG Jia-ni, HU Cong-jiao 2014, 23 (2):  172-178.  Abstract ( 286 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (1420KB) ( 232 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of human vascular endothelial cells (HUVEC) on the migration of human periodontal ligament cells (HPDLC) and human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) through a model mimicking periodontal wound healing or regeneration. METHODS: HUVEC, HPDLC and HGF were co-cultured using a Transwell system, while HPDLC or HGF was cultured independently as control. Chemotaxis assay was performed using cell culture inserts (0.8μm pore size) to assess the effect of HUVEC on HPDLC and HGF vertical migration at 24h. A scratch wound assay was performed to assess the effect of HUVEC on HPDLC and HGF horizontal migration at 0 h, 8 h, 16 h and 24 h. A round glass sheet assay was performed to assess the effect of HUVEC on HPDLC and HGF wound healing ability at 1d, 4d and 7d. The data was processed with SPSS 13.0 software package. RESULTS: At the round glass sheet assay, while HUVEC was present, the integrated option density (IOD) of HPDLCs and HGFs were significantly higher than each of the single culture (P<0.01). Results of chemotaxis assay and scratch wound assay showed that the cell number of HPDLCs and HGFs were significantly higher than each of the single culture while HUVEC was present (P<0.01), and the number of PHDLCs was significantly higher than HGFs on chemotaxis assay (P<0.01) but the result of scratch wound assay was on the contrary (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of HUVEC can promote migration of periodontal cells, and the effect is more prominent on HPDLC than on HGF in vertical migration and wound healing, while horizontal migration is more prominent on HGFs as contrast. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preliminary study on root canal morphology of maxillary second molars LI Li, ZHAN Fu-liang, JIN Ying-wu 2014, 23 (2):  179-183.  Abstract ( 1654 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (982KB) ( 379 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the root canal morphology and anatomy of maxillary second molars using transparent tooth technique and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), and explore the consistency of 2 methods in identifying root canal configurations and morphology. METHODS: Fifty extracted maxillary second molars were scanned by CBCT and analyzed using assistant software. Root canal configurations of each root were identified based on Vertucci's classification and recorded. All transparent teeth samples were made with modified root canal staining technique, and the root canal configurations of each root were classified based on Vertucci's classification. The results were analyzed statistically with SPSS17.0 software package. RESULTS: According to transparent tooth technique, typeⅠ was the most common configuration in distobuccal root and palatal root. An additional configuration type 3-2-2 was found in the present study, which was not included in Vertucci’s classification. The wide variety of canal systems was seen in the mesiobuccal root. TypeⅠconfiguration was most prevalent(54.4%), followed by TypeⅡ, Ⅳ, Ⅴ, Ⅵ. The prevalence of second canal in mesiobuccal root (MB2) was 41.3%. The results of canal morphology and configuration were consistent between transparent tooth technique and CBCT. CONCLUSIONS: Maxillary second molars have the most complex root and canal morphology, especially for the mesiobuccal root. For identifying root canal and root anatomy, CBCT can be used as an alternative to transparent tooth technique in clinical practice. The application of 3D reconstruction based on CBCT helps us to visualize the root canal anatomy. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The effect of the structure of epithelial root sheath on the development of tooth root LIU Xiao-hui, YUAN Fang, QIU Yi-nong, LI Xuan 2014, 23 (2):  184-187.  Abstract ( 450 )   HTML ( 3 )   PDF (774KB) ( 190 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of the structure of epithelial root sheath (ERS) on the development of tooth root. METHODS: The first molars of postnatal (PN) 8 d SD rats were chosen to harvest the apical tissue. The tissues were digested by the mixture of type I collagenase and dispase. One part of the cell suspension was pelleted by centrifugalization. The other part of the cell suspension was digested by trypsin and then pelleted. The cell pellets were cultured in vitro for 4 hours and then implanted into renal capsule of the mother rats. RESULTS: It was found that ERS was dissociated into fragments by the mixture of type I collagenase and dispase or single cells by trypsin. The pellets containing fragments of ERS generated tooth root-like structure and periodontal tissues. The pellets containing single cells of ERS formed tubular and bone-like dentin. CONCLUSIONS: The bilayered epithelial structure of ERS has important role in the development of tooth root. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Clinical Study

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Construction and application of the tissue bank and database of oral mucosa precancerous lesions in the Yangtze delta HUANG Ji-yan, ZHAO Hou-ming, ZHOU Hai-wen 2014, 23 (2):  188-191.  Abstract ( 205 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1024KB) ( 192 )   PURPOSE: To construct a database and a tissue bank of oral mucosa precancerous lesions and to estimate the application values. METHODS: Patients in the Yangtze delta suffering oral mucosa precancerous lesions were enrolled into this study. The patients’ clinical data and samples of oral precancerous mucosa, salivary and blood were collected to create a tissue bank, based on which a database was constructed using Microsoft Access software, Brower/Server structure and ASP language. RESULTS: The tissue bank and database of oral mucosa precancerous lesions were successfully built. The procedure to harvest, store and transport the samples had been standardized. The database showed good interactive interface, convenient for data collection, query and share in the internet. CONCLUSIONS: We constructed the tissue bank and database of oral mucosa precancerous lesions for the first time, which not only help preserve the biological resource of oral mucosa precancerous lesions, but also provide enormous convenience in clinical work, researching and teaching. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fixed orthodontic treatment combined with surgical fenestration in the treatment of impacted mandibular first molars JIANG Jian-jiang, PENG Chun-mei 2014, 23 (2):  192-195.  Abstract ( 360 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1311KB) ( 300 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the treatment of impacted mandibular first molars by straight wire appliance technique, and evaluate the effectiveness of treatment. METHODS: Eight patients with first mandibular impacted molars were treated with MBT straight wire appliance. Surgical fenestration was done after sufficient space created. Statistical comparisons were carried out using t test by SPSS 12.0 software package. RESULTS: Eight mandibular impacted molars were brought into occlusal plane (3.94±0.49 mm), and the overbite and overjet were normal. Good occlusion was achieved. X-ray film showed that alveolar bone growth around the molars was good. CONCLUSIONS: Orthodontic treatment combined with surgical fenestration can effectively correct the impacted mandibular first molars. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A clinical retrospective analysis of dental implants replaced in previously failed sites HE Jing, SHANG Ya-wei, DENG Chun-fu, SHANG De-hao, ZHANG Chong, WANG Dan-ning, ZHAO Bao-hong 2014, 23 (2):  196-200.  Abstract ( 342 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (556KB) ( 380 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical outcomes as well as related factors of dental implants replaced in previously failed sites. METHODS: A total of 12 patients (15 implants) who received replacement in previously failed sites during January 2005 to December 2011 were included. Outcomes of redo-implants were collected and clinical data was recorded and analyzed regarding risk factors related to redo-implants’ survival using SPSS13.0 software package. RESULTS: The survival rate of redo-implants was 100% . The mean redo-implant diameter (4.5±0.6) mm was significantly larger than the previous one (4.1±0.7) mm (P<0.05). The mean survival time of implants placed for the first time was (12.9±15.9) months. Implant replacement occurred (6.8±4.4) months after original implant removal. No significant influence was observed on patient and implant-related factors as well as surgery and prosthesis-dependent factors. CONCLUSIONS: Reimplantation in previously failed site is considered as one of feasible prosthesis plans, and surgeons ought to get enough confidence to achieve satisfactory implant survival rates. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Pit and fissure sealant for caries prevention in 457 children in Uygur City: results of 2-year follow-up RIZI WAGULI Amuti, LIU Jing-yu, MAYIRE, ZOU Jing 2014, 23 (2):  201-203.  Abstract ( 391 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (397KB) ( 244 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the 2-year results of pit and fissure sealant in 457 children in Uygur city for caries prevention in the first permanent molars. METHODS: One thousand four hundred and ninety-nine newly erupted first permanent molars in 457 children between the ages of 7 and 9 in Uygur city underwent pit and fissure sealing using 3M Concisse sealant. The retention of sealants 6, 12 and 24 months after sealing was observed and the caries occurrence were recorded. The data was analyzed with SPSS 16.0 software package. RESULTS: The retention rate of pit and fissure sealant 6, 12 and 24 months after sealing was 98.33%, 92.71% and 88.93%, respectively. The frequency of dental caries was 0%, 0.63% and 1.15% respectively, which were significantly reduced compared with the average prevalence in China (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Pit and fissure sealant is safe and effective in preventing dental decay in first permanent molar in Uygur children, which is worthy of wide clinical application. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of fiber reinforcement composites in restoring lower dentition defect and fixing loose teeth for chronic periodontitis WU Xue-ying, ZHONG Qun 2014, 23 (2):  204-208.  Abstract ( 453 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (1066KB) ( 412 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of fiber reinforcement composites (FRC) in treating chronic periodontitis with dentition defect. METHODS: Thirty patients who had chronic periodontitis and missed less than 2 lower anterior teeth were chosen. After appropriate periodontal treatment, EverStick fibers were used to fabricate splint with the missing teeth repaired. One month, 6 months, 1 year and 2 years after treatment, periodontal indexes such as plaque index (PLI), gingival index (GI) and probe depth (PD) were recorded and the patients’ satisfaction was evaluated. SPSS 17.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The results showed that no significant difference was found in PLI and GI during observation period (P>0.05). PD decreased significantly after 6 months of observation (P<0.05). Patients’ satisfaction degree for aesthetics, pronunciation, comfort and function was beyond 80%. CONCLUSIONS: Using FRC technique in chronic periodontitis with dentition defect can effectively fix the loosen teeth and maintain physical function. Appropriate periodontal treatment every 6 months is the key factor for satisfactory results. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Patients’ experiences with the Forsus appliance TIAN Xiao-guang, WU Zi-zhong, ZHANG Shi-jie, ZHANG Miao, LIN Xian-jun 2014, 23 (2):  209-213.  Abstract ( 246 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (626KB) ( 215 )   PURPOSE: To investigate patients’ experiences with the Forsus appliance. METHODS: This questionnaire survey was focused on patients’ comprehensive experiences with Forsus, both initially and after several months of wearing, including the patients’ overall impressions of the appliance. The survey was conducted in 64 patients wearing Forsus. RESULTS: A high percentage of patients(83.7%) reported neutral to favorable experience with Forsus. 85.4% of patients reported gradual adaption to the appliance within 4 weeks. Cheek irritation was the most serious side effect (about 52%). Cheek irritation and other side effect disappeared over time. CONCLUSIONS: The Forsus appliance is relatively well accepted by patients. Most patients experience some discomfort and functional limitations at first. However, the side effect gradually diminishes with time, and the patients adapt to the appliance finally. Practitioners should be especially vigilant about problems of cheek irritation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression and clinical significance of p53 and autophagy-related gene Beclin1 in salivary pleomorphic adenoma and carcinoma in pleomorphic adenoma CHEN Guo-kun, WU Yi-hua, ZHANG Shi-zhou, ZHANG Dong-sheng, HUANG Sheng-yun, WEN Jie, 2014, 23 (2):  214-218.  Abstract ( 213 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1329KB) ( 399 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the expression of p53 and Beclin1 in salivary pleomorphic adenoma(PA) and its clinical significance. METHODS: The expression of p53 and Beclin1 were assessed by immunohistochemistry in 108 cases of PA and 20 cases of carcinoma in pleomorphic adenoma(CIPA). The results were used to analyze the relationship between gene expressions and the development of PA as well as the clinical pathological features. Statistic analysis was conducted with SPSS 20.0 software package. RESULTS: The positive expressions of p53 in PA samples (9%) were significantly lower than that in CIPA(14%) (P<0.001). The positive expressions of autophagy-related gene Beclin1 in PA samples(91%) were significantly higher than that CIPA (11%) (P<0.001). The expression levels of these genes were not associated with gender, age, clinical course, tumor size, and location of PA(P>0.05). There was a negative correlation between p53 and Beclin1 expression in PA (r=-0.330, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The expression levels of Beclin1 and p53 protein are closely related to the development of PA. Reduced autophagy and enhanced anti apoptosis coexist in the process of tumor formation. Thus, raising the autophagy ability may become another alternative choice for cancer therapy. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Grade Ⅳ myelosuppression after induction chemotherapy of TPF on oral cancer: clinical analysis of 29 cases JIN Jing, YE Mao-chang, WANG Lai-ping, LI Rong-xin, ZHOU Yu, WANG Yi, ZHU Wei-zheng, ZUO Yan, LIU Shou-hong 2014, 23 (2):  219-223.  Abstract ( 458 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (674KB) ( 225 )   PURPOSE: To observe and evaluate the clinical features and treatment strategies of IV myelosuppression after induction chemotherapy of oral mucosa squamous cell carcinoma under conventional dosage. METHODS: Twenty-nine patients of oral mucosa squamous cell carcinoma pathologically diagnosed between 2006 and 2012 were enrolled into this study. The patients received induction chemotherapy with docetaxel-cisplatin-5-fluorouracil (TPF) and suffered from grade IV myelosuppression. Regulations and treatment strategies of the bone marrow myelosuppression were analyzed, retrospectively. RESULTS: Twenty-nine cases had bone marrow suppression 9-14 days after induction chemotherapy, and the median time was 10 days, with a "U"-shaped fluctuation pattern. There were 26 cases with colony-stimulating factor(CSF) therapy completing treatment according to the schedule and 2 cases were required to radiotherapy because of unsatisfied effect of CSF therapy. One case died and the death rate after chemotherapy was 0.68% in this group. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of grade IV myelosuppression is normal and fatal. This study shows the starting time of the "U"-shaped fluctuation and the necessaries of adding CSF therapy at the same time. The emergency treatment of myelosuppression should be used including single disinfected ward mouthwash and therapy of CSF drug. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Detection of root variations of permanent mandibular first and second molars by cone-beam computed tomography CHEN Ling, CHEN Jian-guo, GU Yong-chun 2014, 23 (2):  224-228.  Abstract ( 334 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (698KB) ( 198 )   PURPOSE: To explore the prevalence and distribution pattern of the root variations of permanent mandibular first and second molars in an eastern Chinese population. METHODS: Cone-beam computed tomography images were collected retrospectively from 261 Chinese patients in Suzhou Stomatological Hospital. The incidences of the root variations were determined. The trait frequency differences between genders and sides were tested using Chi-square test with SPSS 13.0 software program. Correlations in the occurrence of the root variations between antimeric teeth, as well as between the two types of molars were analyzed with Spearman rank correlation test. RESULTS: The incidence of three-rooted mandibular molars was 24.7% (108/437) counted by teeth, and 27.9% (56/201) counted by individuals. The incidence of the antimeric teeth in both sides was 66.1% (37/56) and the correlation coefficient was 0.738 (P< 0.01). The incidence of C-shaped rooted in mandibular second molars was 43.3% (180/416) counted by teeth, and 49.7% (96/193) counted by individuals. The bilateral incidence was 79.2% (76/96) and the correlation coefficient was 0.790 (P< 0.01). The incidence of the female group was significantly (P<0.05) higher than males. No significant correlation was found between the occurrence of three-rooted mandibular first molars and group C-shaped toot in mandibular second molars (r=0.033, P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of three-rooted mandibular first molars and C-shaped root in mandibular second molars are high in the eastern Chinese population. Understanding their distribution patterns may be useful for clinical practice. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The influences of non-surgical periodontal treatment on gingival crevicular fluid levels of MMP-8 and tissue inhibitor of TIMP-1 WANG Li-qin, FENG Kun, SUN Li 2014, 23 (2):  229-232.  Abstract ( 145 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (476KB) ( 192 )   PURPOSE: To compare the levels of MMP-8 and TIMP-1 in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF)of chronic periodontitis(CP) patients before and after non-surgical periodontal therapy. METHODS: Sulcus bleeding index (SBI), plaque index (PLI) and probing depth (PD) were detected before and after therapy. GCF was collected from CP patients before and after therapy. MMP-8 and TIMP-1 were determined by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay. The data was analyzed using paired-sample t test and multi-correlation analysis with SSPS 19.0 software package. RESULTS: The levels of MMP-8 and TIMP-1 decreased after therapy, and there was no significant difference in the MMP-8/TIMP-1 ratio. Correction analysis showed that a significant correction was found between MMP-8 and GCF weight. CONCLUSIONS: MMP-8 and TIMP-1 decrease after non-surgical periodontal therapy. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical analysis of caries status of the mandibular second molar YOU Chun-an, ZHENG Ping, HU Ning, SU Qin 2014, 23 (2):  233-236.  Abstract ( 323 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (474KB) ( 247 )   PURPOSE: To collect the cases which have caries on the mandibular second molar and analyze the caries status and correlative factors. METHODS: Patients treated in the Department of Endodontics in West China Hospital of Stomatology were randomly collected. The baseline information, primary sites and severity of dental caries on the mandibular second molar, and eruption pattern of the mandibular third molar were recorded. The data was analyzed with SPSS13.0 software package. RESULTS: Four hundred eighty-one patients including 227 males and 254 females were collected. Caries on the mandibular second molar starting from the occlusal, distal proximal and buccal surfaces accounted for 33.8%, 33.2% and 24.4%, respectively. Caries involving dental pulp (49.7%) were significantly more than deep and shallow to moderate caries (31.7% and 18.6%). Gender was not correlated with the site and severity of caries. However, impacted mandibular third molars and age were significantly related to both caries site and severity. CONCLUSIONS: Occlusal and distal proximal surfaces are the most predisposed sites to have caries on mandibular second molar. Impacted mandibular third molar and age are significantly related to caries of mandibular second molar. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Systematic Review

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Fiber post versus metal screw post for repair of residual crowns and roots: a systematic review ZHANG Sheng-nan, DU Qing, HAN Liang, LIU Ping, LI Ting, ZHANG Li-li 2014, 23 (2):  237-242.  Abstract ( 427 )   HTML ( 1 )   PDF (1510KB) ( 247 )   PURPOSE:To evaluate the restorative effectiveness of fiber post versus metal screw post through systematical review. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) data from the establishment of the database up to June 2013 were searched from MEDLINE (Ovid), PubMed, The Cochrane Library, Embase, Wanfang Data, VIP, CNKI and CBM using the designed strategy. After data extraction and quality review of the retrieved articles by two independent investigators, the softwares of RevMan 5.1.0 and GRAED profiler 3.2.2 were employed to process data analysis. RESULTS: Ten RCTs were finally included, of which 1 was English literature and 9 were Chinese literatures. Meta analysis suggested that the survival rate of repair of adult and young permanent teeth was significantly higher using fiber post than metal screw post , and the results root fracture rate was significantly lower . No significant difference was found in the rate of post-core fall off and gingivitis . All outcomes were of low quality in the GRADE system. CONCLUSIONS:Compared with metal screw post, the survival rate is significantly higher and the root fracture rate is significantly lower by using fiber post. However, the conclusion is limited by lack of relevant studies, small sample sizes, inadequate quality and diversified methodology. Further study is needed by employing more well-designed, large-sample and multi-center RCTs to verify the conclusion. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Dental Education

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Literature analysis of current bilingual teaching on stomatology in China FENG Xiao-jie, LUO Xin, DONG Wei, LI Ren, WEN Li-ming, QI Meng-chun 2014, 23 (2):  243-247.  Abstract ( 179 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (767KB) ( 183 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the current status and problems of bilingual teaching on stomatology in China. METHODS: Three database, including CNKI, Wanfang database and VIP were used to retrieve the articles of bilingual teaching on stomatology from January 2001 to December 2012. RESULTS: Fifty articles were included in this study and the following items, publishing time, foundation support, journals, authors and author affiliation, the course, teaching effects, research classification and main components of the articles were analyzed. The problems remained were also discussed. CONCLUSIONS: The level of current bilingual teaching on stomatology in China is low and great efforts are needed to make it better. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Review Article

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Research progress of nano-hydroxyapatite complexes in bone tissue regeneration ZHOU Yu-ning, XIA Lun-guo, XU Yuan-jin 2014, 23 (2):  248-252.  Abstract ( 237 )   HTML ( 2 )   PDF (550KB) ( 305 )   As the nano-hydroxyapatite is the main inorganic component of bone tissue of the human body, artificial synthesis of nano-hydroxyapatite has attracted the most attention in the field of hard tissue repair. To make up multiple aspects of limitations for nano-hydroxyapatite material itself, nano-hydroxyapatite complexes have been widely evaluated and applied in bone repair. This paper reviewed the common nano-hydroxyapatite complexes and their research progress in bone regeneration. Supported by Research Fund of Science and Technology Committee of Shanghai Municipality (12NM0501600, 13NM1402102) and Medicine and Engineering Cross Project of Shanghai Jiao Tong University (YG2012MS29). References | Related Articles | Metrics

Case Reports

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Solitary median maxillary central incisor syndrome:a case of report KANG Li-ying, LIU Xin-qiang 2014, 23 (2):  253-257.  Abstract ( 230 )   HTML ( 0 )   PDF (1010KB) ( 229 )   Solitary median maxillary central incisor (SMMCI) is a rare dental anomaly characterized by a symmetric central incisor of normal size, developed and erupted precisely in the midline of the maxilla in both primary and permanent dentitions. SMMCI may occur alone or be associated with other midline structures defects of the body or other systemic disorders. The best known association is holoprosencephaly (HPE). This paper reported a case of SMMCI that companied with other midline structures defects of the body. References | Related Articles | Metrics