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25 October 2025, Volume 34 Issue 5 Previous Issue   

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Expert Consensus

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Expert consensus on bleeding management of vascular anomalies in the oral and maxillofacial region Wang Deming, Su Lixin, Yang Yaowu, Liu Shaohua, Gong Zhongcheng, Liang Xinhua, Cai Yu, Liu Yunan, Qin Zhongping, Dong Changxian, Chen Chuanjun, Lyu Shaohua, Yu Guoxia, Guo Lei, Zhang Sheng, Shen Gang, Meng Jian, Li Haibo, Yin Jie, Zheng Jiawei, Fan Xindong 2025, 34 (5):  449-456.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2025.05.001 Abstract ( 37 )   PDF (1091KB) ( 26 )   Oral and maxillofacial region is the most common site for the onset of vascular anomalies. Some vascular anomalies can lead to bleeding, which may be the first noticeable symptom. Due to the rich blood supply and the proximity to the respiratory tract, bleeding in this area is particularly challenging to manage. If not treated promptly or if inappropriate methods are used, they may result in serious complications. To address this issue, we invited a group of domestic experts with extensive experience in diagnosing and treating vascular anomalies in oral and maxillofacial region to formulate this consensus. The goal is to provide guidance and recommendations for medical professionals on the management of bleeding associated with these vascular lesions. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Original Articles

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Bioinformatics-based approach to analyze the regulation of let-7 family by RNA-binding protein Lin28 in hDPSCs Liu Xinxin, Li Wanyi, Sun Mengxin, Zhang Yuxin, Wu Yuxi, Duan Rongquan, Liu Yan 2025, 34 (5):  457-464.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2025.05.002 Abstract ( 22 )   PDF (2207KB) ( 17 )   PURPOSE: Bioinformatics was used to analyze the possible mechanism of RNA binding protein Lin28 regulating proliferation of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). METHODS: Lentivirus-mediated stable transfection of Lin28 gene into hDPSCs was performed, and RNA binding protein immunoprecipitation was used to detect the concentration and total amount of mRNA enriched with overexpression of Lin28. The changes of Lin28-enriched mRNA and related pathways were detected by RIP sequencing. The RIP-seq sequencing results were verified by RIP-PCR. The miRNA expression levels of Lin28 and let-7 family members were detected by real-time PCR. TargetScan (http://www.targetscan.org/vert_71/) was used to predict the let-7a relevant target gene mRNA and specific binding sites. Western blot was used to detect the expression levels of let-7a related target genes IGF1R, IRS2, and IGF2BPs family proteins. RESULTS: RNA binding protein Lin28, as an important mRNA regulatory factor, played a key role in cell growth and development, tissue metabolism, etc. After Lin28 enrichment expression, pri-let-7a/b/c/d/e/f/i/98 and pre-let-7a/b/c/d/e/f/i/98 decreased to different extents. Overexpression of Lin28 could up-regulate the expression levels of let-7-related target genes IGF2BP1 and IGF2BP2 proteins. CONCLUSIONS: Lin28 blocks the processing and maturation of let-7 family through specific complementary binding of pri-let-7 and pre-let-7 in multiple pathways. Lin28 has an indirect regulatory effect on the mRNA of let-7 target genes, and the enriched mRNAs mainly play a role in the growth process, signaling, protein processing, and the translation of the expression of genetic information, which is closely associated with cell growth and proliferation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Experimental study of odontoblast differentiation of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth induced by lithium-doped compounds Huang Wenyan, Huang Yuhang, He Yanbing, Gao Min, Zhong Ning, Lyu Jinhong, Li Ziling, Li Xin, Zeng Sujuan 2025, 34 (5):  465-471.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2025.05.003 Abstract ( 23 )   PDF (1904KB) ( 10 )   PURPOSE: To simulate the mineralizing fluid with lithium chloride (LiCl) as a dentinogenic environment and investigate its potential to induce stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs) into dentinogenesis. METHODS: Primary SHEDs were isolated, cultured, and identified, and P3-6 SHEDs were used for subsequent experiments. Osteogenic medium(OM) containing 0, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10 mmol/L LiCl were prepared. Cell proliferation was assessed using CCK-8 assay at 1, 3, 5, and 7 days. Alkaline phosphatase(ALP) activity was examined by staining at 4, 7, and 10 days. Gene expression levels of DSPP, Runx2 and COL-1 were detected by RT-PCR, and protein levels of DSPP and Runx2 were analyzed by Western blot at 10 days. Alizarin red staining and semi-quantitative analysis were conducted at 14 days to evaluate mineralization capacity and select the optimal LiCl concentration. RESULTS: CCK-8 assay showed that low concentrations(≤2.5 mmol/L) of LiCl had minimal effect on cell proliferation from 1 to 7 days, while high concentrations (>2.5 mmol/L) inhibited cell proliferation. ALP activity was enhanced by low concentrations of LiCl at 4, 7, and 10 days, with the 2.5 mmol/L LiCl group showing the most significant effect, while high concentrations suppressed ALP activity. Western blot results revealed that low concentrations of LiCl promoted the protein expression of DSPP and Runx2 in SHEDs. RT-PCR demonstrated that low concentrations of LiCl upregulated the gene expression of DSPP and COL-1 in SHEDs. Qualitative and quantitative Alizarin red staining indicated that 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 mmol/L LiCl improved SHEDs mineralization capacity, while 10 mmol/L LiCl showed no significant difference in mineralized nodule formation compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Low concentrations of lithium compounds can promote the dentinogenesis of SHEDs. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Three-dimensional finite element analysis of single anterior implant restoration under three occlusal conditions based on design of crown root ratio Liang Xiongsui, Li Yanling, Huang Xin, Ma Li, Wang Mengchuang, Chen Yeqing, Liang Chenyu, Deng Min 2025, 34 (5):  472-476.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2025.05.004 Abstract ( 27 )   PDF (1393KB) ( 19 )   PURPOSE: By constructing a three-dimensional model of anterior teeth with different crown-to-root ratios, the stress distribution and fatigue state of the implant denture model were analyzed under different occlusion conditions. METHODS: SolidWorks modeling software was used to establish a platform switching amount of 0.4 mm and the corresponding crown-root ratio of 1∶1, 1.5∶1, 2∶1 were constructed, and a total of 3 groups of incisor implant restoration models were constructed. In the Ansys Workbench analysis software, the central incisors were designed to have three kinds of occlusion modes, edge to edge occlusion, shallow overbite, deep overbite, and the loading force was 100 N at 45° with the long axis of the teeth. The peak value and distribution of von-Mises stress of implant and implant-bone interface in each group were analyzed. RESULTS: The peak von-Mises stress was edge to edge occlusion > shallow overbite > deep overbite. The peak values of equivalent stress of abutment, abutment screw and cortical bone increased with the increase of crown-root ratio when edge to edge occlusion and shallow overbite were chosen. There was no significant change in the stress value of the abutment, the abutment screw and the cortical bone during deep overbite. The stress concentration parts of the mode, when the posterior teeth were subjected to lateral force and the anterior teeth were edge to edge occlusion and shallow overbite, the stress concentration occurred at the abutment neck, the middle of the abutment screw and the implant-bone edge. CONCLUSIONS: With the increase of crown to root ratio, the lateral stress of the planting model increases; when the crown-to-root ratio ≥1.5∶1, the peak von-Mises stress on the abutment and the abutment screw exceeds the yield strength of pure titanium. When the model is subjected to lateral force, the neck of the abutment and the middle of the screw are prone to experience fatigue. The lateral force of the implant denture should be reduced during repair. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of different duration of nonthermal plasma treatments on bonding durability of zirconia ceramics Meng Fanhao, Wen Yuzhen, Sun Yuhuan, Liu Min, Gao Rui, Wang Cong, Bao Junhan, Chen Jianfeng 2025, 34 (5):  477-482.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2025.05.005 Abstract ( 17 )   PDF (1466KB) ( 9 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of different low temperature plasma treatment time on bonding durability of zirconia. METHODS: Twenty-four pieces of Class Ⅰ(10 mm×10 mm×2 mm) and 80 pieces of Class Ⅱ (3 mm×3 mm×2 mm) zirconia ceramic blocks were produced. The samples were divided into 4 groups, and dealt with separately according to the following groups: blank control group (group A), sandblasting group (group B), plasma treatment group 60 s (group C) and plasma treatment group 120 s (group D). The finished Class Ⅱ zirconia samples were further divided into thermocycling group and non-thermocycling group. Scanning electron microscope (scanning electron microscope, SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, XPS), atomic force microscopy (atomic force microscope, AFM) and water contact angle tester were used to detect zirconia surface and calculate shear bond strength. RESULTS: The surface morphology of group C and D had no significant change, the roughness was not significantly different from that of group A (P>0.05), and the surface hydrophilicity was significantly increased compared with group A (P<0.05). The surface roughness of group B was significantly increased compared with group A (P<0.05), and the hydrophilicity was significantly increased compared with group A (P<0.05). For the non-thermocycling group, the shear bond strength of group B, C and D was significantly higher than that of group A (P<0.05). For the thermocycling group, the shear bond strength of group B was the highest, followed by group D, and then group C, and group A was the lowest (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Increasing the duration of nonthermal plasma treatment can improve the bond strength of zirconia. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical analysis of chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis involving the mandible in 35 adolescents Wang Hanshao, Wang Yiwen, Wei Wenbin, Huo Liang, Li Jiang, Chen Minjie 2025, 34 (5):  483-489.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2025.05.006 Abstract ( 24 )   PDF (2022KB) ( 106 )   PURPOSE: To summarize and analyze the clinicopathological features of chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) in adolescents, and to provide opinions for better diagnosis and treatment of the disease. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on adolescent patients diagnosed with CNO in Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from September 2013 to December 2023. The demographic data, laboratory examination, imaging examination, pathological manifestations and treatment results of the patients were summarized. Clinical symptom evaluations, laboratory tests and imaging examinations were used to evaluate the effect of clinical treatment. RESULTS: Thirty-five patients were included, including 14 males and 21 females, with a male to female ratio of 1∶1.5. 45.7% patients had multiple lesions. Diagnoses prior to diagnosis of CNO included fibrous dysplasia, parotitis, infectious osteomyelitis and idiopathic arthritis. Abnormal increases in laboratory test indicators included white blood cells (20%), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (60%), C-reactive protein (40%), interleukin-6 (22.9%) and so on. CT findings showed osteolytic, sclerosing and hyperostosis. Bone scans showed multiple lesions in 5 patients. In drug therapy, the effective rate of NSAIDs and DMARDs exceeded 50%. CONCLUSIONS: Interleukin-6 is elevated in some CNO patients, and its relationship with pathogenesis needs to be further studied. The recurrence rate of decortication is high, and drug therapy may be more effective than surgical treatment. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Imaging study of the effect of unilateral anterior disk displacement without reduction and sleep bruxism on bone structures of the temporomandibular joints Wang Yanyan, Gong Zhongcheng, Wang Bing, Sakendeke· Jumatai, Li Chenxi, Xu Yingjie, Shao Bo, Fang Chang, Jia Mengying 2025, 34 (5):  490-495.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2025.05.007 Abstract ( 31 )   PDF (1224KB) ( 44 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of unilateral anterior disk displacement without reduction and sleep bruxism on bone structure of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). METHODS: From January 2015 to February 2022, a total of 17 cases of unilateral anterior disk displacement without reduction admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University were selected as the joint disk displacement group, while 15 cases of sleep bruxism as the sleep bruxism group, and 19 healthy adults were selected as the control group. The CBCT data obtained were imported into Mimics Research 21.0 for morphological measurement of TMJ bone structure and analysis of bone mineral density (BMD). RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the internal and external diameter of condyle, the posterior slope of condyle and the top BMD in the unilateral anterior disk displacement without reduction group were lower than those in the control group, and the difference was significant(P<0.05); the inclination of joint eminence was larger than that of control group, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). The depth of right articular fossa of sleep bruxism was shallower than that of the control group, and the BMD of anterior inclined surface of condyle was lower, the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). The BMD of the left anterior condylar slope in the sleep bruxism group was lower than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The condyle of TMJ in the unilateral anterior disk displacement without reduction group became smaller and the slope of the joint emminance increased during the reconstruction. The BMD of the posterior slope and the top of the condyle decreased significantly compared with the control group. However, the BMD of the anterior bevel of the condyle may be decreased due to the asymmetric stress distribution in the sleep bruxism group, and appropriate diagnosis and management of sleep bruxism are necessary. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect and mechanism of digital cobalt-chromium alloy porcelain crowns and zirconia all-ceramic crowns restoration on periodontal health of patients with tooth defects Adilijiang·Yimiti, Sui Meizhi, Abudureyimujiang·Ku'erban, Li Fei, Liao Qian 2025, 34 (5):  496-503.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2025.05.008 Abstract ( 22 )   PDF (1935KB) ( 12 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the impact and underlying mechanisms of digital cobalt-chromium alloy porcelain crowns and zirconia all-ceramic crowns restoration on periodontal health in patients with tooth defects. METHODS: A total of 26 patients with tooth defects who were treated in the Second People's Hospital of Kashi Region from March to June 2024 were selected and randomly divided into cobalt-chromium alloy ceramic crown group (n=13) and zirconia all-ceramic crown group (n=13). After 6 months of restoration, the periodontal health status of the two groups was evaluated, including gingival index, gingival bleeding index, plaque index, caries loss index and loss of clinical attachment. In addition, clinical plaque samples from patients were collected for 16S rRNA sequencing and data analysis to compare the characteristics of different flora in the two groups of samples. The samples of gingival crevicular fluid were collected and proteomic analysis was used to screen the differentially expressed proteins, and the biological process and functional pathway of their enrichment were discussed. RESULTS: After 6 months of restoration, the gingival index, plaque index, and caries loss and repair index in the zirconia all-ceramic crown group were significantly lower than those in the cobalt-chromium porcelain crown group (P<0.05). Although there was no significant difference in the α-diversity indexes of the plaque samples between the two groups, significant differences were observed in the microbial composition: Scardovia, Granulicatella, and Eikenella were significantly enriched in the zirconia all-ceramic crown group, while Peptococcus and Treponema were enriched in the cobalt-chromium porcelain crown group. In addition, a total of 105 differentially expressed proteins were identified by proteomic analysis, and these differentially expressed proteins were significantly enriched in metabolic related biological processes and functional pathways such as fatty acid metabolism and amino acid metabolism. CONCLUSIONS: Zirconia all-ceramic crowns are superior to cobalt-chromium alloy porcelain crowns in terms of periodontal health for patients with dental defects, with less detrimental impact on oral microbiome, suggesting that zirconia crowns have a high clinical application value. The discovery of differential bacteria and differential expressed proteins provides potential biomarkers for early prediction of periodontal diseases and the development of personalized treatment plans. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of the curative effect of pulpotomy combined with prefabricated transparent crown for traumatic anterior primary tooth Liang Wen, Zhao Junxia 2025, 34 (5):  504-507.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2025.05.009 Abstract ( 24 )   PDF (527KB) ( 17 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the curative effect of pulpotomy combined with prefabricated transparent crown for traumatic anterior primary tooth. METHODS: A total of 82 children with traumatic crown fractures and pulp exposure of anterior primary teeth treated at Xi'an Jiaotong University Stomatology Hospital from March 2022 to February 2023 were selected and randomly divided into experimental group and control group, with 41 cases in each group.Both groups were treated with pulpotomy,the experimental group was treated with prefabricated transparent crown and the control group was treated with composite resin.One month after treatment, gingival index (GI) and plaque index (PLI) were compared between the two groups. At 6, 12 and 18 months after treatment, the success rate of restoration was compared between the two groups. RESULTS: One month after treatment, GI and PLI of the experimental group were significantly lower than those of the control group(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the success rate of restoration between the two groups at 6 and 12 months after treatment (P>0.05), and the success rate of restoration in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group at 18 months after treatment(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Pulpotomy combined with prefabricated transparent crown restoration not only significantly improves the success rate of restoration for traumatic anterior primary tooth,but also effectively enhances gingival health, reduces plaque accumulation and maintains long-term tooth stability,with good aesthetic effects and functionality. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of prefabricated fiber post and pure titanium post on aesthetic effect, periodontal index and oral function after anterior tooth defect repair Min Haobo, Dong Jianwei, Yue Peng 2025, 34 (5):  508-512.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2025.05.010 Abstract ( 23 )   PDF (624KB) ( 16 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of prefabricated fiber post and pure titanium post on aesthetic effect, periodontal index and oral function after anterior tooth defect repair. METHODS: A total of 108 patients with anterior tooth defect treated from March 2019 to March 2023 were selected and randomly divided into the control group (n=54, treated with pure titanium metal posts) and the experimental group (n=54, treated with prefabricated fiber posts) using a random number table. The restoration outcomes, oral function, periodontal health indices, inflammatory cytokine levels and aesthetic outcomes were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: At 1 year post-treatment, the restoration success rate in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). At 6 months post-treatment; the plaque index (PLI), bleeding index (BI), probing depth (PD) in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). The levels of interleukin-17 (IL-17), interleukin-23 (IL-23) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05). At 1 year post-treatment, the scores for color matching, marginal staining and marginal adaptation in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05), the satisfaction rate in the experimental group was 96.3%(52/54), significantly higher than that in the control group (85.18%, 46/54) (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The use of prefabricated fiber posts for the repair of anterior tooth defect can significantly improve the aesthetic effect, periodontal health and oral function, and achieves high patients' satisfaction. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression and clinical significance of SIRT1 and SOCS6 in gingival tissue of patients with severe chronic periodontitis Yang Shaowei, Sheng Jian, Fei Chenyan, Cai Qi 2025, 34 (5):  513-517.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2025.05.011 Abstract ( 20 )   PDF (594KB) ( 20 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the expression and clinical significance of silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) and suppressor of cytokine signaling 6(SOCS6) in gingival tissue of patients with severe chronic periodontitis (CP). METHODS: A total of 213 CP patients treated in Jiaxing Second Hospital from April 2022 to April 2024 were selected and divided into mild group (n=35), moderate group (n=91) and severe group (n=87) according to the severity of the disease. Another 95 patients with healthy periodontium who underwent crown lengthening were selected as control group. qRT-PCR was used to detect SIRT1 and SOCS6 mRNA expression levels in gingival tissues. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the related factors affecting the occurrence of severe CP. Receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve was used to analyze the diagnostic efficacy of SIRT1 and SOCS6 expression levels in gingival tissues for severe CP. RESULTS: The levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10), C-reactive protein (CRP), and interleukin-17(IL-17) in the severe group were significantly higher than those in the moderate to mild group(P<0.05). The expression levels of SIRT1 and SOCS6 in the gingival tissue of the severe group were significantly lower than those of the moderate to mild group and the control group, the expression levels of SIRT1 and SOCS6 in the gingival tissue of the moderate to mild group were significantly lower than those of the control group (P<0.05). SIRT1, SOCS6, IL-10, and IL-17 in gingival tissue were related factors affecting the occurrence of severe CP (P<0.05). The area under the curve (AUC) of SIRT1, SOCS6, and their combination in the diagnosis of severe CP was 0.833, 0.825, and 0.896, respectively, which was superior to single indicator for diagnosis(P<0.05). The sensitivity and specificity of the combined diagnosis were 91.95% and 78.57%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The expression levels of SIRT1 and SOCS6 in gingival tissue of patients with severe CP are greatly reduced, which are related factors for severe CP. Detection of SIRT1 and SOCS6 has high diagnostic efficacy for severe CP. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Efficacy of CMC-Na oral film combined with rb-bFGF gel in the treatment of radiation-induced oral mucositis in patients with head and neck cancer Xie Zeneng, Jiang Yinhua 2025, 34 (5):  518-523.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2025.05.012 Abstract ( 25 )   PDF (685KB) ( 14 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the therapeutic effect of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na) oral film combined with recombinant bovine basic fibroblast growth factor (rb-bFGF) gel on radiation-induced oral mucositis (RIOM) in patients with head and neck cancer(HNC). METHODS: A total of 31 HNC patients with RIOM after radiotherapy in Lishui People's Hospital from June 2022 to January 2024 were randomly divided into three groups: group A (n=11), group B (n=11), and group C (n=9). Group A received CMC-Na oral film + rb-bFGF gel, group B received rb-bFGF gel alone, and group C received cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash (control). On days 0, 5, 10 and 15, the OM grade and pain scores of each patient were evaluated using oral mucositis (OM) grading scale and numeric rating scale (NRS). The quality of life of patients before and after treatment was evaluated by using Oropharyngeal Mucositis Quality of Life (OMQoL) scale. RESULTS: After treatment in both group A and B, the pain scores and OM grades were significantly lower than those before treatment (P<0.05), while there was no significant difference in group C before and after treatment (P>0.05). Comparative analysis across time points revealed that pain scores in group A were significantly lower than those in group B on day 5 and 10 (P<0.05), with no significant difference on day 15(P>0.05). OM grades in group A were significantly lower than those in group B only on day 10 (P<0.05). Quality of life improved significantly in groups A and B(P<0.05), with greater improvement in group A, while no significant improvement was observed in group C(P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: CMC-Na oral film combined with rb-bFGF gel demonstrates superior efficacy in treating RIOM in HNC patients compared to rb-bFGF gel alone, while cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwash shows no significant therapeutic effect. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on arch expansion effect with the clear aligner using digital registration method Jiang Wei, Tang Tianhong, Zhang Xiuyin 2025, 34 (5):  524-529.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2025.05.013 Abstract ( 22 )   PDF (1003KB) ( 23 )   PURPOSE: To introduce a digital registration method to compare the design effect and the actual effect of the clear aligner aided expansion in treating mild crowding, and to evaluate its clinical effectiveness. METHODS: A total of 30 patients with mild crowding who were treated by clear aligner aided expansion in Jiading District Dental Disease Prevention and Treatment Institute from January 2019 to December 2023 were selected. The anhydrite models of patients during treatment were scanned by using a D-station 3D-RI optical scanner,and the STL format data of plaster group were obtained. The STL format data of the design group were also obtained from Clincheck. The STL format data of the two groups were imported into Geomagic Studio 2012 software. The change value of arch widths and expansion rate were measured for first premolars and first molars at buccal cusps. The digital registration method was used to measure positive and negative deviation of the arch width. RESULTS: The average expansion rate of maxillary first premolar, first molar, mandibular first premolar and first molar was 87.26%, 86.57%, 90.5% and 89.88% respectively. There was significant difference between the design group and the plaster group (P<0.01). The average deviation values of maxillary buccal direction in the design group and plaster group were 0.40 mm and 0.59 mm, respectively, and those of the mandible were 0.41 mm and 0.53 mm, with significant differences between the two groups (P<0.01). The average deviation values of the maxilla and mandible were -0.36 mm and -0.39 mm, -0.36 mm and -0.11 mm, respectively, and there was no significant difference between the two groups(P>0.05). The buccal-lingual bias variable could be considered as a criterion for the efficacy of orthodontic treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Digital registration method can be used to evaluate the effect of the clear aligner. Clear aligner aided expansion in treating mild crowding is effective. After expansion, buccal movement is difficult to control and exacerbates buccal tipping. The buccal-lingual bias variable can be considered as a criterion for the efficacy of orthodontic treatment. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of the efficacy of gelatin sponge and hydroxyapatite bioceramics in the repair of bone defect in apicectomy Tuo Rui, Zhou Qian, Hu Yanjing, Tian Ying 2025, 34 (5):  530-534.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2025.05.014 Abstract ( 21 )   PDF (592KB) ( 20 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate and compare the clinical efficacy and biocompatibility of gelatin sponge and hydroxyapatite bioceramic in the repair of bone defects in apicectomy. METHODS: A total of 187 patients with periapical cysts treated from January 2020 to January 2024 were selected and randomly divided into two groups using a random number table method: gelatin sponge group(n=93) and hydroxyapatite ceramic (HA) group(n=94). Apicectomy was performed in both groups, gelatin sponge group was filled with gelatin sponge, HA group was repaired with hydroxyapatite bioceramics.Preoperative and two-week postoperative laboratory indicators were statistically analyzed and compared between the two groups. Additionally, the bone graft height, thickness and bone growth outcomes were compared six months after treatment. The postoperative healing and occurrence of adverse reactions were also compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The bone graft height, bone graft thickness and new bone density in HA group were significantly higher than those of the gelatin sponge group(P<0.05). The levels of white blood cell count (WBC), neutrophil ratio (NEU), C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and serum creatinine (SCR) in HA group were significantly lower than those of the gelatin sponge group(P<0.05). The levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase(AST) in HA group were significantly higher than those in the gelatin sponge group(P<0.05). The effective rate of HA group was 100.00%, which was significantly higher than that of the gelatin sponge group (95.70%, P<0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions in HA group was 4.26%, which was significantly lower than 12.90% in the gelatin sponge group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Hydroxyapatite bioceramics shows better repairing effect and biocompatibility than gelatin sponges in bone defect repair after apicectomy. Hydroxyapatite bioceramics may be a more effective bone repair material, especially in promoting new bone formation and reducing postoperative complications. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of endoscopy-assisted precision minimally invasive treatment of mandibular bone cyst Wan Cheng'ao, Wang Zeyu, Du Chongli, Wang Hanying, Guo Zhenfei, Han Rui, Gao Tingyi, Zhang Kai 2025, 34 (5):  535-539.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2025.05.015 Abstract ( 21 )   PDF (1145KB) ( 12 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the clinical effect of endoscopy-assisted curettage of mandibular bone cyst. METHODS: A total of 80 patients with mandibular bone cyst treated in the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University from September 2021 to July 2023 were selected and divided into experimental group (n=43) and control group (n=37) according to treatment methods. The observation group was treated with endoscopy-assisted cyst curettage and secondary examination, while the control group was treated with traditional cyst curettage. The operation time, postoperative reaction, pathological fracture, nerve injury and recurrence were recorded in the two groups. RESULTS: The operation time of the experimental group was (50.11±4.65) min, which was significantly longer than (44.89±4.38) min of the control group (P<0.05). The degree of swelling and VAS pain scores in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group on the 2nd and 7th days after operation (P<0.05). There was no pathological fracture in the two groups. There was 1 case of nerve injury in the experimental group, which recovered 3 months after operation, and no recurrence was found in the 1-year follow-up. There were 3 cases of nerve injury in the control group, and all of them recovered within 3 to 6 months after operation. Two patients had recurrence during revisit. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopy-assisted curettage of mandibular bone cysts has the advantages of good surgical field, reducing injury and recurrence, and can improve the accuracy and safety of surgery, which is worthy of clinical application. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Three-dimensional evaluation of sagittal-guidance Twin-block appliance on mandibular growth remodeling in adolescents with skeletal Class Ⅱ malocclusion Li Chunying, Song He, Wang Fawen, Zhao Ning 2025, 34 (5):  540-544.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2025.05.016 Abstract ( 19 )   PDF (858KB) ( 14 )   PURPOSE: To three-dimensionally evaluate the effects of sagittal-guidance Twin-block (SGTB) appliance on mandibular growth in adolescents with skeletal Class Ⅱmalocclusion. METHODS: Forty-three adolescents with skeletal Class Ⅱ malocclusion were divided into SGTB treatment group [n=22, treatment duration (13.26±1.71) months] and untreated control group [n=21, observation period (12.72±0.59) months]. CBCT scans were obtained pre- and post-intervention for 3D cephalometric analysis. RESULTS: The treatment group showed significantly greater vertical ramus growth (left (3.16±1.63) mm vs. (1.49±1.13) mm; right (3.18±1.23) mm vs. (1.15±0.76) mm, P<0.001) with no intergroup difference in mandibular body length (P>0.05). ANB angle decreased by 1.87°±1.06° in SGTB group, significantly greater than 0.41°±0.20° in controls (P<0.001). In the treatment group, the maxillary incisors were lingually inclined by 6.12°, and the mandibular incisors were labially inclined by 2.48°, no significant changes were observed in the control group. Three-dimensional measurements showed that the mandible exhibits a combined growth pattern of forward and downward direction. CONCLUSIONS: SGTB effectively enhances vertical ramus development and improves sagittal jaw relationship through combined skeletal adaptation and dentoalveolar compensation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of clinical effects of zygomatic implant-supported prostheses with different types of ring connectors Bai Hao, Wu Wenyan, Zhou Yun, Ge Xuejun 2025, 34 (5):  545-550.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2025.05.017 Abstract ( 18 )   PDF (1154KB) ( 19 )   PURPOSE: To compare the clinical effects of pure titanium-milled metal rings and cast gold alloy milled rods in the prosthetic rehabilitation of zygomatic implant-supported prostheses. METHODS: A total of 11 patients were selected from January 2017 to October 2024 in Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine. The patients were repaired by zygomatic implant-supported prostheses with different types of ring connectors due to bilateral maxillary defects after tumor surgery. Among them, 6 cases used pure titanium-milled metal rings to connect the prosthetics, and the other 5 cases used cast gold alloy milled rods. The difference of repair effect was evaluated from 4 aspects: prosthesis retention, prosthesis wear, connection screw fractures and overall satisfaction. RESULTS: Compared to pure titanium-milled metal rings, the cast gold alloy milled rod connection scored significantly lower in prosthesis retention, connection screw fractures, and overall scores(P<0.05). No significant differences were observed in prosthesis wear or overall satisfaction(P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Pure titanium-milled metal rings are a more suitable connection method for prosthetic rehabilitation of bilateral maxillary defects using zygomatic implants. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect on three mouthwashes mixture on serum biomarkers and inflammatory factor levels in the treatment of patients with erosive oral lichen planus Yue Jinbao, Luo Yujiao 2025, 34 (5):  551-556.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2025.05.018 Abstract ( 18 )   PDF (918KB) ( 13 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of a combination of Kangfuxin liquid, Sipaiya gingival liquid, and chlorhexidine mouthwash on the levels of serum biomarkers and inflammatory factors in patients with erosive oral lichen planus (EOLP). METHODS: A total of 100 EOLP patients admitted to the Fourth Hospital of Changsha from January 2022 to June 2024 were selected and divided into control group and experimental group according to treatment methods, with 50 cases in each group. The control group used Sipaiya gingival liquid, while the experimental group used a combination of Kangfuxin liquid, Sipaiya gingival liquid, and chlorhexidine mouthwash. The changes of wound area, pain VAS score, healing time, serum biomarkers (AT-III, IgM, ZAG) and inflammatory factors (IL-12, IL-17) before and after treatment were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The wound healing time of the experimental group was shorter than that of the control group, with significant difference (P<0.05). After treatment, the experimental group showed significantly better wound area, VAS score, serum biomarkers (AT-III, IgM, ZAG), and levels of inflammatory factors (IL-12, IL-17) compared to the control group (P<0.05). The total effective rate of the experimental group was 96%, which was significantly higher than that of the control group (84%) (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The combination of Kangfuxin liquid, Sipaiya gingival liquid and chlorhexidine mouthwash can effectively accelerate wound healing, reduce pain, suppress inflammatory responses, and improve treatment outcomes in EOLP patients, demonstrating high clinical application value. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Giant complex odontoma with infection of mandible: a case report and literature review Hou Chengsu, Zhang Yuhan, Wang Jieyu, Shi Jingcun, Zhang Bingqing, Wang Lei 2025, 34 (5):  557-560.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2025.05.019 Abstract ( 23 )   PDF (983KB) ( 18 )   Giant complex odontoma of the mandible is a relatively rare odontogenic tumor. This article reported the clinical diagnosis and treatment process of a 42-year-old male patient with a giant complex odontoma in the left mandible accompanied by infection, along with a discussion based on relevant literature. Complex odontomas typically were asymptomatic and grew slowly, but giant odontomas (diameter >3 cm) may cause tooth displacement, mandibular swelling, or even infection. The uniqueness of this case lies in the odontoma penetrating the oral mucosa, leading to localized infection, which increased the complexity of clinical management. Surgical excision was the primary treatment for giant odontomas, and cautions must be taken to avoid intraoperative damage to the inferior alveolar nerve and blood vessels, as well as postoperative mandibular fractures. The eruption mechanism of complex odontomas may be related to bone resorption or the pushing force of impacted teeth, though the exact mechanism requires further investigation. This case highlights that early diagnosis and precise surgical intervention for giant mandibular complex odontomas can effectively prevent infection and pathological fractures, thereby improving prognosis. References | Related Articles | Metrics