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25 October 2021, Volume 30 Issue 5 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Expert Consensus

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Experts consensus on diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for malocclusions at early developing stage FANG Bing, JIN Zuo-lin, BAI Yu-xing, WANG Lin, ZHAO Zhi-he, LI Wei-ran, BAI Ding, HE Hong, LIU Yue-hua, HU Min, SONG Jin-lin, CHEN Li-li, CAO Yang, WU Ting-xi, LI Song, LI Huang, SHI Jie-jun, CHU Feng-ting 2021, 30 (5):  449-455.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.05.001 Abstract ( 852 )   PDF (861KB) ( 1296 )   Early orthodontic intervention remains a controversial notion in current dental care regime. Whilst early orthodontic treatment for children is the province for orthodontic specialists, a growing number of general practitioners, who may not possess sufficient specialty knowledge, are also involved, raising the concerns about the propriety and quality of their treatment modalities. However, orofacial development of children and adolescents is in a very complicated environment. Comprehensive theoretical knowledge and a great wealth of practical experience are required to ensure the final treatment effect. The possible complications should be kept under control and fully informed to patients and their parents. In order to unify and standardize early orthodontic treatment protocol and help to promote healthy and orderly development of early orthodontic treatment, this consensus summarized the practical experience of orthodontic experts from many famous colleges and affiliated hospitals for clinical reference. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Original Articles

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Insight into the role of IGF2BP1 in drug resistant mechanism of oral squamous cell carcinoma XIE Fei, QIN Xing, TONG Tong, JIANG Ying-ying, ZHANG Jian-jun 2021, 30 (5):  456-461.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.05.002 Abstract ( 285 )   PDF (1278KB) ( 395 )   PURPOSE: This study focused on the role and mechanism of IGF2BP1 in cell cisplatin resistance of oral squamous cell carcinoma. METHODS: Low-dose intermittent induction method was used to induce cisplatin-sensitive oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line HN30, and establish cisplatin-resistant cell line HN30/DDP. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression level of IGF2BP1 in parental and resistant cell line. Knockdown or overexpression of IGF2BP1 by RNAi and lentivirus transfection method was utilized to analyze the effect of decreased or increased the gene expression of IGF2BP1 on cisplatin resistance. MTT method was used to detect the change of IC50. Statistical analysis of data was performed using SPSS 17.0 software package. RESULTS: Cisplatin-resistant oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line was successfully established. The IC50 of the drug-resistant cells was significantly higher than that of the parental cells. Knocking down the expression level of IGF2BP1 in drug-resistant strains reduced cell resistance; on the contrary, after overexpression of IGF2BP1 in parental cells dramatically increased cisplatin resistance. Mechanically, activation of Akt signaling pathway was the key factor mediating IGF2BP1 to promote cisplatin resistance in oral squamous cell carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: IGF2BP1 is significantly associated with cisplatin resistance in oral squamous cell carcinoma. IGF2BP1 can promote cisplatin resistance of oral squamous cells by activating downstream Akt signaling pathway. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Temporal and spatial expression of Swell1 gene in the development of mouse condyle cartilage CHEN Long, DAI Jie-wen, SHEN Guo-fang 2021, 30 (5):  462-466.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.05.003 Abstract ( 217 )   PDF (1425KB) ( 311 )   PURPOSE: To explore the temporal and spatial expression pattern of Swell1 (LRRC8A) gene in mouse condylar cartilage. METHODS: By obtaining condyle samples of embryos at 15.5, 16.5, 18.5 days and newborn mice, H-E staining, immunofluorescence staining and qRT-PCR were used to explore the microstructure of mouse condyles and the temporal and spatial expression changes of genes related to cartilage development and Swell1 gene. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 25.0 software package. RESULTS: Swell1 gene expression began in the hypertrophic chondrocyte layer during the development of the condyle from embryonic day 16.5, and then gradually increased, and continued to be expressed during mouse embryonic development until the mouse was born. CONCLUSIONS: Swell1 is mainly expressed in hypertrophic chondrocytes during the development of mouse condyles, and it may be involved in the regulation of chondrocyte hypertrophy. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Nonradiological methods for implant surgical guide accuracy measurement YE Sheng-jia, BAO Shi-jie, CHEN Qu-yi, XIN Xian-zhen, DONG Jian-hui, WEI Bin 2021, 30 (5):  467-471.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.05.004 Abstract ( 281 )   PDF (717KB) ( 275 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the accuracy of static computer-navigated implantation with surgical guides, based on a non-radiological method. Traditional measurements with a second cone-beam CT (CBCT) were applied to verify the accuracy. METHODS: A total of thirty template-guided implantations were designed and performed on 15 resin models. Two paralleled bone-level implants were planned in the edentulous space of each model, between which the distance was 4 mm. Postoperative implant positions were detected with both CAD/CAM-based measurements applying an intraoral scanner (3Shape TRIOS) and traditional ways via CBCT. Both methods were conducted with a CAD quality-control, reverse engineering software, Geomagic Studio 2013, comparing the positions with the virtual ones. Statistical analysis was processed with SPSS 23.0 software package. RESULTS: Measurements using CBCT (control group) showed a trend toward greater deviations when the results were directly compared(P<0.05). In the CAD/CAM-based evaluation of the 30 samples, the mean deviation of the insertion axis from the planned implant axis was 1.134°. The mean deviations of the implant shoulders in the horizontal direction and at the implant apices were 0.447 mm and 0.557 mm, respectively. No significant difference was observed when measuring distance deviation with the two assessment ways. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with evaluation based on radiology, CAD/CAM based evaluation system is able to evaluate implant accuracy precisely, effectively reduce radiological exposure of patients, being suitable for clinical evaluation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Characterization and osteogenic activity of FSP-modified TiNbTaZr/Zn YAN Yi, YANG Zhi, WANG Li-qiang, FU Yuan-fei 2021, 30 (5):  472-476.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.05.005 Abstract ( 193 )   PDF (946KB) ( 279 )   PURPOSE: To investigate whether Ti-35Nb-2Ta-3Zr/Zn (TNTZ/Zn) composite material processed by friction stir processing has osteogenic activity. METHODS: Zn was added to the surface of TNTZ alloy by friction stir processing. The control group was TNTZ(TNTZ without FSP), the experimental groups was FSP(FSP without Zn), TNTZ/Zn-0.5 (0.5 mm pre-made holes) and TNTZ/Zn-1(1 mm pre-made holes). Surface characterization was performed by scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction. Alkaline phosphatase(ALP) activity of co-cultured rat bone marrow stromal stem cells (BMSCs) and COL-1α, OPN and OCN gene expression were detected by real-time quantitative PCR. SAS version 8.2 software was used for data analysis. RESULTS: Zn nanoparticles on the surface of the TNTZ/Zn-1 group were distributed homogeneously, with a diameter range of 70-80 nm. Compared with TNTZ group, the activity of ALP in TNTZ/Zn-0.5 and TNTZ/Zn-1 groups was up-regulated (P<0.05 and P<0.01). Compared with TNTZ group, ALP, COL-1α, OPN and OCN gene expression increased in TNTZ/Zn-0.5 and TNTZ/Zn-1 group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Through FSP, Zn can be successfully integrated onto the surface of TNTZ alloy with nano-scale microstructures. TNTZ/Zn composite material can effectively induce bone formation and is a potential implant material. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of PRRX1 on autophagy of salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma cells GAO Jie, JIANG Ya-ping, MA Kang-jie, ZHAO Bao-dong, DENG Jing 2021, 30 (5):  477-480.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.05.006 Abstract ( 265 )   PDF (763KB) ( 252 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of paired related homeobox1 (PRRX1) on autophagy of salivary adenoidcystic carcinoma (SACC) cells. METHODS: PRRX1-overexpressed lentiviral vectors and their negative control lentiviral vectors were used to transfect SACC cells. The transfection effect was detected by Western blot. Autophagosome was observed under transmission electron microscopy(TEM). The level of autophagy markers (LC3-II/Beclin1) was detected by immunofluorescence and Western blot. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 17.0 software package. RESULTS: PRRX1 protein level increased, autophagosome number decreased, and autophagy marker level decreased in the PRRX1 overexpressed group, compared to the control (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: PRRX1 inhibits the autophagy of SACC cells. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Three-dimensional finite element analysis of the influence of different implant-abutment joint design on abutment and abutment screw stress GAO Yuan, CHEN Jie, WANG Gao-qi, LI Yun-kai, BIAN Cui-rong 2021, 30 (5):  481-487.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.05.007 Abstract ( 328 )   PDF (1648KB) ( 411 )   PURPOSE: This experiment studied the influence of different connection designs of the tapered retention and platform transfer implant on the stress of the abutments and abutment screws. METHODS: Implant models (Platform-switching: 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 mm; Taper:6°,8°,10°) were established, and Von-mises stress and strain of abutment and abutment screw under different loads were analyzed. RESULTS: With the increase of the platform-switching amount, the peak von-Mises stress and strain of abutment and abutment screw increased. The peak von-Mises stress of the model with platform transfer≥0.8 mm was higher than 690 MPa. In addition, the variation amplitude was horizontal loading>oblique loading>vertical loading. The maximum stress of the abutment was concentrated at the neck of the abutment in 81.67% models. The stress of the abutment screw was concentrated at the turning point of the head and body of abutment screw in all models. CONCLUSIONS: The increase of the amount of platform switching makes the abutment and the abutment screws bear more force in the occlusion process. Therefore, in order to reduce the occurrence of mechanical complications after implantation and restoration, the implant system with the minimum amount of platform transfer should be selected within a certain range. The maximum stress on the abutments and screws exceeds the yield strength of pure titanium in implants with platform-switching amount greater than 0.8 mm, indicating that this design should be selected prudently in clinical practice. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The influence of carbodiimide in different solvents on bonding performance of acetone-based etch-and-rinsing adhesive system ZHOU Kai-xuan, XIE Cui-liu, CHEN Yue, ZHENG Yue-mei, YAN Guo-wei 2021, 30 (5):  488-492.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.05.008 Abstract ( 188 )   PDF (1451KB) ( 299 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the influence of carbodiimide (EDC) in water, ethanol and acetone on bonding performance of acetone-based etch-and-rinsing adhesive system. METHODS: Sixty-four third molars in vitro were randomly divided into 8 groups according to the types of pretreatment agents, with or without aging(n=8), group S0 and S0a: deionized water; group S and Sa: EDC in water; group E and Ea: EDC in ethanol; group B and Ba: EDC in acetone. After pretreatment, the adhesive specimens were prepared by Prime Bond NT. S0, S, E and B were immediate groups, and S0a, Sa, Ea and Ba groups were subjected to aging test for 5 000 times. Six specimens were randomly selected from each group to test the shear bond strength and observe the fracture mode. The remaining 2 specimens were used to observe the microstructure of bonding interface by scanning electron microscopy. The shear bond strength was statistically analyzed with SPSS 20.0 software package. RESULTS: It was found that the shear bond strength of group S was significantly higher than that of group S0, and the shear bond strength of group Sa was significantly higher than that of group S0a(P<0.05). There was no significant difference between groups S, E and B(P>0.05). The shear bond strength of Sa, Ea and Ba increased successively, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). Three factor analysis of variance found that the main effect of EDC, aging and solvent alone was significantly different(P<0.05), and there was an interaction effect between EDC and aging(P<0.05). The fracture modes of immediate groups were mainly mixed failure, while the interface fracture was the most common in the aging groups. SEM observation showed that all the hybrid layers were uniform and complete in the immediate groups, and the largest crack in S0a group and a few cracks in Ba group. CONCLUSIONS: EDC pretreatment in water, ethanol, and acetone solvents can improve both the immediate and aging bonding strength of acetone-based etch-and-rinsing adhesive system. Acetone acts as the solvents of EDC maximizes the shear bond strength among the aging groups. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of protection and remineralization of glass ionomer protective film and fluoride varnish on enamel: an in vitro study WU Hui, LIU Hua, LIU Wen, LIU Yi-cong, YANG Fang 2021, 30 (5):  493-497.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.05.009 Abstract ( 300 )   PDF (814KB) ( 332 )   PURPOSE: To compare the remineralization and protection effect of glass ionomer protective film and fluoride varnish on enamel. METHODS: One hundred and twenty-two premolars were collected and made into enamel blocks, two enamel blocks were randomly selected for scanning electron microscope(SEM) observation, the others were used for two experiments. In enamel protection test (experimental A), 60 enamel blocks were divided into 3 groups (n=20) randomly and treated with glass ionomer protective film(A1) and fluoride varnish(A2), the control group(A3) was not treated. In remineralization test (experimental B), sixty enamel blocks were demineralized for 72 h, which were randomly divided into 3 groups(B1, B2 and B3)(n=20), and the treatment method was the same as that of the enamel protection group. To simulate oral environment, in experiment A and B, six groups of samples were treated with pH cycling in demineralization liquid and artificial saliva alternately for 30 days. The surface morphology of enamel was observed under SEM, surface microhardness(SMH) changes of enamel was measured by microhardness tester, the calcium-phosphorus ratio of the enamel surface was analyzed by X-ray energy spectrum analyzer. The data was analyzed statistically by using SPSS 26.0 software package. RESULTS: In enamel protection test, the results of SEM observation showed that the untreated enamel surface was flat and even. After treatment with demineralization liquid, group A1 was basically intact. In group A2, a large number of flaky sediments were found on the enamel surface. Group A3 presented typical honeycomb structure caused by demineralization. Pairwise comparison of ΔSMH among the groups showed A1<A2<A3(P<0.05). The results of calcium-phosphorus ratio by X-ray energy spectrum analyzer was group A1>A2>A3(P<0.05). In remineralization test, the results of SEM observation showed that group B1 and B2 all had deposits adhered to the enamel surface. The surface of group B3 enamel was rough and uneven, and showed the shape of a honeycomb. Pairwise comparison of ΔSMH among the groups showed B1>B2>B3(P<0.05). The results of calcium-phosphorus ratio by X-ray energy spectrum analyzer was group B1>B2>B3(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Both glass ionomer protective film and fluoride varnish can prevent and cure enamel demineralization, while glass ionomer protective film is more effective in protection and remineralization because of its wear resistance and durability. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preliminary study on the correlation between IL-6,IL-33, and IL-10 and periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis WANG Ye, ZHANG Li-mu, QI Shuai, LIN Xiao-ping 2021, 30 (5):  498-503.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.05.010 Abstract ( 279 )   PDF (702KB) ( 359 )   PURPOSE: To determine the expression levels of interleukin-6(IL-6), interleukin-33 (IL-33) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in gingival crevicular fluid in patients with periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis, and to investigate the correlation between IL-6, IL-33, IL-10 and periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS: According to the inclusion criteria, patients who were admitted to the Department of Stomatology and Rheumatology and Immunology of Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University were selected, including 21 patients with periodontitis (PD group), 21 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA group), and 24 patients with periodontitis combined with rheumatoid arthritis (PD+RA group), 24 healthy patients (H group). General information for each subject was recorded including periodontal probing depth (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), and gingival sulcus bleeding index (SBI). Samples of gingival crevicular fluid were collected from each group, and the contents of IL-6, IL-33 and IL-10 in gingival crevicular fluid were determined by ELISA, and the correlation between IL-6, IL-33, IL-10 and periodontal clinical indicators was analyzed. SPSS 20.0 software package was used to analyze the date. RESULTS: The expression level of IL-6 in PD+RA group was significantly higher than that in H group, PD group and RA group (P<0.05). The content of IL-33 in PD group, RA group and PD+RA group was significantly higher than that in H group (P<0.05), while the content of IL-33 in PD+RA group was significantly higher than that in RA group (P<0.05). The expression level of IL-10 in the RA group was significantly higher than that in the H group, the PD group and the PD+RA group (P<0.05). PPD in PD group was positively correlated with the contents of IL-6 and IL-33 (r=0.62, 0.43), SBI, PPD and CAL in PD+RA group were positively correlated with the contents of IL-33 (r=0.69, 0.58, 0.55). CONCLUSIONS: The levels of IL-6 and IL-33 in gingival crevicular fluid of patients with periodontitis accompanied by rheumatoid arthritis are significantly increased, while the contents of IL-10 are significantly decreased, suggesting that IL-6, IL-33 and IL-10 play an important role in the occurrence and development of periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Investigation and analysis on the status of conducting clinical research among oral health professionals HUANG Cheng, SHI Chao-ji, CHEN Ru, ZHANG Zhi-yuan, XU Feng, LU Hai-xia 2021, 30 (5):  504-510.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.05.011 Abstract ( 291 )   PDF (1345KB) ( 244 )   PURPOSE: To understand oral health professionals' knowledge, attitude, behavior and training needs related to clinical research, and explore relevant factors affecting clinical research knowledge level. METHODS: An online self-designed questionnaire was conducted among oral health professionals from the collaborative innovation network member units of the National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases (Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine). The data were processed with SAS 9.4 software package. RESULTS: A total of 281 oral health professionals were enrolled in the study. Most of them had a positive attitude towards clinical research, 80% of them had an idea of carrying out clinical research, while only 22.8% of them implemented finally. The main causes restricting oral health professionals from conducting clinical research were lack of time (68.3%), insufficient teams (63.7%), and short of financial support (60.9%). Participants' mean score of clinical research knowledge was (13.72±7.20) points. Multiple linear regression model showed the type of hospital, clinical research participation in the past five years and epidemiologists' or statisticians' involvement in the latest project were related to participants' knowledge level of clinical research. CONCLUSIONS: Oral health professionals have a positive attitude towards clinical research, while their behavior and knowledge about clinical research were weak. Strengthening the top design of clinical research is inseparable from the cultivation of professionals' clinical research ability. The national clinical research center should give full play to the mission of the "national team", accelerate the establishment of a specialized, normalized and large-scale clinical research training pattern, and provide training opportunities to network member units. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristics of clinical trials of mucosal melanoma registered in WHO ICTRP SHI Chao-ji, HUANG Cheng, CHEN Ru, ZHOU Rong, HAN Yong, XU Sheng-ming, LI Chu-wen, LU Hai-xia, ZHANG Zhi-yuan 2021, 30 (5):  511-516.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.05.012 Abstract ( 177 )   PDF (786KB) ( 241 )   PURPOSE: To analyze the characteristics of clinical trials of mucosal melanoma (MM) based on WHO international clinical trial registration platform (ICTRP), in order to provide a reference for clinical translational research of mucosal melanoma. METHODS: WHO ICTRP database were searched to collect MM-related clinical trials. Two reviewers independently screened items, extracted data, and descriptive analysis was performed for the included trials, including number of registrations, research phase, country/region, clinical study design, etc. RESULTS: The results showed that there were 51 registered clinical trials involving MM. European and American countries and East Asia were the main study sites, and head and neck MM were mainly investigated in East Asia (11/12). Forty-eight of them were sponsored by investigators, and only 3 were sponsored by biomedical companies. The main clinical trials were single center (42 items) and in stage II (38 items). Interventions were complex, and multiple treatments and drug therapy accounted a dominant position. CONCLUSIONS: In-depth analysis of clinical trials information can help to understand the current situation and development trends in the field of mucosal melanoma. The number of clinical studies of mucosal melanoma is relatively small and has not received much attention. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment of a nomogram model to predict the risk of peri-implantitis in patients with diabetes mellitus ZHANG Rui, MA Jun-tao 2021, 30 (5):  517-521.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.05.013 Abstract ( 274 )   PDF (828KB) ( 234 )   PURPOSE: To explore the risk factors of peri-implantitis after dental implants in diabetic patients, and establish a related nomogram prediction model. METHODS: The clinical data of diabetic patients undergoing dental implant restoration from January 2016 to December 2018 were retrospectively analyzed, and cluster random sampling method was used to divide the data into training set (n=153) and validation set (n=104). Univariate and Logistic regression were used to analyze the independent risk factors of peri-implantitis in diabetic patients. At the same time, the relevant nomogram prediction model was established, and the model was internally verified by Bootstrap method. The external verification was completed by self sampling method of verification set. SPSS 22.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Smoking index>200 cigarettes(OR=6.364, 95%CI: 1.943-20.840), HbA1c>7%(OR=4.680, 95%CI: 1.497-14.628), periodontal history (OR=3.779, 95%CI: 1.359-10.507), anterior teeth implantation(OR=7.183, 95%CI: 2.371-21.756), tooth brushing frequency ≤1 time/day (OR=4.796, 95%CI: 1.471-15.637) and unscheduled cleaning (OR=4.994, 95%CI: 1.745-14.295) were independent risk factors for peri-implantitis after dental implantation in diabetic patients (P<0.05). Based on the above 6 risk factors, a nomogram model to predict the occurrence of peri-implantitis in diabetic patients was established. The calibration curve verification showed that the predicted values of the training set and the verification set were basically the same as the actual measured values, and ROC curve verification showed C-index indexes of the training set and the verification set were 0.867 and 0.822, respectively, indicating that the nomogram model had good prediction accuracy. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking index>200 cigarettes, HbA1c>7%, periodontal history, anterior dental implantation, brushing frequency ≤1 time/day and unscheduled cleaning are independent risk factors for peri-implantitis in diabetic patients based on the above risk factors. The line graph model can intuitively and accurately predict the probability of peri-implantitis in diabetic patients. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Consistency of the landmark identification on two types of cephalograms from cone-beam CT MA Xiao-qing, ZHAO Ning, DONG Xian, QIAN Wen-hao 2021, 30 (5):  522-525.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.05.014 Abstract ( 480 )   PDF (953KB) ( 298 )   PURPOSE: To study the landmark consistency on two types of cephalograms reconstructed from the data of cone-beam CT(CBCT). METHODS: CBCT data of 56 patients without teeth missing were uploaded into Dolphin software and transferred to the cephalograms. In the control group, the right half projection was taken while in the experimental group, the images achieved after 6 individual projections were managed to achieve the synthesized cephalograms. One experienced orthodontists traced the 23 frequently-used landmarks and the consistency was compared by means of Hotelling T2 test with SPSS 13.0 software package. RESULTS: The tracing of anterior nasal ridge, posterior nasal ridge, upper incisor root tip, lower incisor edge, lower incisor root tip and condyle showed significant difference(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The synthesized cephalograms in the experimental group show the anatomical structure more precisely which is more beneficial to landmark identification. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of oral condition and caries related factors of 152 deaf-mute students in Jing'an district, Shanghai CHEN Qi-wen, SHI Le, LU Jia-qi, YUAN Shuang 2021, 30 (5):  526-530.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.05.015 Abstract ( 215 )   PDF (547KB) ( 263 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the oral condition of deaf-mute students in Jing 'an district, Shanghai, and to analyze caries related factors among deaf-mute students. METHODS: Using general survey method, 152 students aging from 9 to 18 years old from two schools in Jing 'an district of Shanghai underwent oral examinations and questionnaire survey. SPSS 22.0 software package was used for statistical analysis of the data. RESULTS: Among the 152 deaf-mute students, caries rate was 53.3%, DMFT index was 1.80±2.66, detection rate of gingival bleeding was 65.8%, detection rate of calculus was 69.7%, caries rate of first molar was 36.2%, and percentage of pit and fissure sealant was 0.6%. Among children aging 12-15 years old, the caries rate was 50.0%, DMFT index was 1.69±3.13, detection rate of gingival bleeding was 68.5%, and the detection rate of calculus was 70.4%, all were significantly higher than those of urban group aging 12-15 years old during the Fourth National Oral Health Epidemiological Survey. According to logistic regression analysis, frequency of daily brushing（P=0.009）, dental surface of brushing（P<0.001）, brushing time（P=0.005）, frequency of drinking sweet drinks and carbonated drinks（P=0.003）, and the knowledge of oral health care（P=0.036） were all related factors affecting the occurrence of caries among deaf-mute students. CONCLUSIONS: For the prevention and control of caries in deaf-mute students, we should further strengthen oral health education and promote the implementation of intervention measures such as local fluoridation, pit and fissure sealant and early dental caries filling, so as to effectively control the occurrence and development of caries in deaf-mute students. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Oral behavior characteristics of 540 patients suffering from temporomandibular disorders TANG Yan, FAN Shuai, YAO Yuan, XU Li-li, CAI Bin 2021, 30 (5):  531-534.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.05.016 Abstract ( 493 )   PDF (502KB) ( 341 )   PURPOSE: To test the reliability of the Chinese version of Oral Behaviours Checklist (OBC) and explore oral behavior characteristics of patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD). METHODS: The English version of OBC was translated forward and backward to form the Chinese version of OBC. From July 2017 to April 2018, 540 TMD patients were included. Cronbach's α was used to evaluate the reliability of Chinese version of OBC. The characteristics of oral behaviors were evaluated by OBC. SPSS 19.0 software package was used to calculate the frequency of each behavior, and rank sum test was used to compare the distribution of oral behavior of TMD patients of different genders. RESULTS: The reliability of Chinese version of the OBC was good, Cronbach's α=0.771.There were certain oral behaviors in TMD patients, such as sleeping in a position that puts pressure on the jaw(52.9%), chewing food unilaterally(47.8%) and contacting teeth while not eating (33.2%). CONCLUSIONS: The Chinese version of OBC is a reliable tool for assessing oral behaviors. TMD patients have certain oral behaviors, which await further investigations. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristics of maxillary anterior teeth of 191 individuals living in Fujian Province YANG Song, WANG Ying- hui, LI Qi, WANG Chen-ru, LIN Ling, YU Hao 2021, 30 (5):  535-538.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.05.017 Abstract ( 528 )   PDF (524KB) ( 222 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the anatomical characteristics of upper anterior teeth of residents in Fujian province using cone-beam CT (CBCT). METHODS: The length and width of 1146 maxillary anterior teeth (central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines) from 191 patients were measured. SPSS 19.0 software package was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: The width and length of males' maxillary central incisors and canine were significantly greater than those of females(P<0.05). No significant difference was found in the width and length of maxillary lateral incisors between genders (P>0.05). No significant difference was found in the width-length ratio of maxillary anterior teeth between genders(P>0.05). Significant difference was found in the width-width ratio of maxillary anterior teeth between genders(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Varied anatomical characteristics of the maxillary anterior teeth of residents in Fujian Province should be observed between genders. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A survey of parents' cognition about orofacial myofunctional therapy in children with orofacial muscle dysfunction DING Qin, WANG Sun, LAI Guang-yun 2021, 30 (5):  539-542.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.05.018 Abstract ( 216 )   PDF (499KB) ( 333 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the difference of parent's cognition of children's orofacial myofunctional therapy (OMT) and its influencing factors, to provide reference for children's OMT. METHODS: Self-designed questionnaire was used to investigate the basic information and related problems of 98 parents whose children received OMT. SPSS 22.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The parents' total cognition of OMT was relatively low (23.47%). The cognition of malocclusion (68.4%) was significantly different from that of orofacial dysfunction (26.5%), the therapeutic significance of OMT (28.6%) and the attitude of specific treatment of orofacial myofunctional therapy (23.5%) (P<0.001). Parents with different backgrounds had different recognition of OMT: the cognitive degree of parents over 50 years old was low(13.33%), while the cognitive degree of the parents with high educational background was high (48.08%). There was no significant difference in cognition among different gender, occupation and family monthly income. High recognition had good compliance and cooperation. Comparing with low recognition, the difference from high recognition on compliance and cooperation was significant(P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: OMT is a long-term treatment process, which needs children's perseverance and active cooperation. The curative effect mainly depends on the children's compliance and cooperation. Higher awareness is the premise of good compliance and cooperation. To improve the recognition of OMT and avoid occurrence of malocclusion, it is necessary to strengthen education of OMT, especially for parents with special backgrounds. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of curative effect of ultrasonic hyperthermia combined with TPF chemotherapy on 19 elderly with advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma LI Lei, LI Xiao-dong, ZHUANG Qian-wei, GE Liang-yu, LI Zhi-ping, GU Qian-ping, BAI Yu-ting, MENG Jian 2021, 30 (5):  543-547.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.05.019 Abstract ( 472 )   PDF (991KB) ( 214 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of ultrasound hyperthermia combined with TPF chemotherapy for advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma in the elderly. METHODS: Nineteen elderly patients who had definite pathological diagnosis were enrolled in this clinical trail from June 2017 to January 2020. Docetaxel (75 mg/m2) + cisplatin (75 mg/m2) were given on the 1st day, and 5,Fu (750 mg/m2) on the 1st to 5th day of the cycle. Five times of hyperthermia were performed in the course of chemotherapy, respectively on the l, 3, 5, 7 and 9 days after the beginning of chemotherapy. All patients received 2 cycles of thermo -chemotherapy. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 20.0 software package. Kaplan-Meire method was used to calculate survival rate. RESULTS: According to the efficacy evaluation standard for solid tumor (version 1.0), complete response (CR) was seen in 3 cases, partial response (PR) was seen in 10 cases, stable disease(SD) was seen in 5 cases,progressive disease(PD) was seen in 1 case. The overall responding rate was 68.4%. The median follow-up time was 36 months(8-48 months), and the 2-year overall survival rates were 63.2%. No serious adverse reactions were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound hyperthermic therapy combined with chemotherapy has a synergistic anti-tumor effect on patients with advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma, which is safe and effective, and is worthy of becoming another choice of tumor treatment. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of the effects of dexmedetomidine and esmolol on controlled hypotension in patients with orthognathic surgery JIANG Jue, LIN Yu, JIANG Chao 2021, 30 (5):  548-550.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.05.020 Abstract ( 258 )   PDF (357KB) ( 250 )   PURPOSE: To compare the effect of dexmedetomidine (Dex) and esmolol on controlled hypotension in patients with orthognathic surgery. METHODS: From January 2017 to December 2019, a total of 109 patients were treated with Dex (group D) and esmolol (group E) during orthognathic surgery (Le Fort I osteotomy of maxilla and sagittal split of mandibular ramus) in our hospital. Heart rate(HR) and mean arterial pressure(MAP) during controlled hypotension (the difference between the highest and lowest values and the percentage of basic values), intraoperative blood loss, allogeneic blood transfusion, operation time and dosage of propofol and remifentanil were compared between the two groups. The data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 22.0 software package. RESULTS: Compared with group E, HR and MAP, dose of propofol and remifentanil in group D were significantly lower than those in group E (P<0.05). There was no significant difference among other indexes. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with esmolol, the effect of Dex on controlled hypotension during orthognathic surgery is more stable and the dosage of propofol and remifentanil is decreased. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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TAN Bayesian network modeling of online learning decision making of dental undergraduates during the COVID-19 pandemic WANG Hao-jun, ZHA Guang-yu, CAO Ming-guo, LIU Rong-chang, ZUO Ling-long, LIU Kai, LI Da-sheng, HUANG Hui-jie, WU Song-quan, JIANG Yin-hua 2021, 30 (5):  551-555.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.05.021 Abstract ( 221 )   PDF (1430KB) ( 221 )   PURPOSE: To perceive the dental undergraduate's policy of coping with online learning and their decision-making laws during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: For dental undergraduate students from the 2016 grade to 2018 grade of Lishui University, two prospective questionnaire surveys were conducted before the online course starting and four weeks later. SPSS Modeler18.0 software was used to screen, review, and analyze the data. TAN (tree augmented naive) Bayesian network models were utilized to analyze and predict variables. Indicators like the overall prediction accuracy, receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve), and area under the ROC curve(AUC value) were applied to evaluate the model's predicting performances. RESULTS: The case score of each survey was 422 and 382, and the Cronbach's α coefficients of internal consistency were 0.91 and 0.82. Among the decision-making variables in the aspect of "whether to preview online learning materials", the top-two variables were "looking forward to the semester beginning" and "the validity of the network materials". In speaking of "whether the online courses meet the offline course standards", the top-three variables were "the rhythm of lecturing on live or in recorded videos", "how many online tasks', and" the data frame and organization". The overall prediction accuracy of each constructed TAN Bayesian network model was 89.42% and 87.82%, and their AUC values were 0.75 and 0.93, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: To truly make online courses comparable to the off-line curriculum, teachers should fully understand how the students cope with their online learning at first. Then, only by perceiving and recognizing the students' expectations for education, by efficiently preparing and organizing online materials with all-round, clearly-structured, vivid, comprehensible contents and moderate difficult tasks, by well interacting with students through different websites and social media, can we truly achieve " ongoing learning with suspended class". References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of information needs of patients with dentofacial deformities at different stages of treatment WANG Bi-xia, HU Xiang-ying, WANG Xu-dong, RUAN Hong, YUAN Wei-jun 2021, 30 (5):  556-560.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.05.022 Abstract ( 205 )   PDF (663KB) ( 245 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the treatment experience and information needs of patients with dentofacial deformities in the process of surgical program design, surgical treatment and postoperative rehabilitation. METHODS: Thirty-six patients with dentofacial deformities at different treatment stages from March to July 2019 were selected for semi-structured interview. Colaizzi content analysis method and QSR NVivo 12.0 software were used to analyze and code the data, as well as extract the theme and genus. RESULTS: Three themes and eight categories were extracted, including① information needs in different treatment stages, mainly specific content of information needs at pre-operative preparation stage, orthognathic perioperative stage and post-operative rehabilitation stage; ② information support methods, i.e., diversified information support methods and patients' recognition of internet information;③ patients' cognition difference,namely the difference between patients' psychological expectation and the results of operation. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the treatment characteristics of orthognathic surgery and individual cognitive differences of patients, there is a large demand for information support at different stages of treatment. However, the current information support mode is limited, so it is necessary to further improve and provide scientific, professional and targeted information support for patients with dentofacial deformities. References | Related Articles | Metrics