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25 October 2022, Volume 31 Issue 5 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Repair of mandibular defects with hydrogel loaded with nano-hydroxyapatite in rats XU Lai-jun, YUAN He, YE Qing, LI Ji-yao 2022, 31 (5):  449-453.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2022.05.001 Abstract ( 325 )   PDF (2961KB) ( 253 )   PURPOSE: To observe the effect of gellan gum loaded with nano-hydroxyapatite (GG/nHA) on repairing mandibular defect in rats. METHODS: Critical bone defects with 5 mm in diameter on the mandible of 16 SD rats were created and randomly divided into two groups. The bone defects in the experimental group were injected with GG/nHA and the control group were filled with absorbable gelatin sponge. The rats were sacrificed at 4 and 8 weeks after operation. The bone tissue healing was evaluated by Micro-CT. Bone tissue repairing effect was evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin (H-E) staining and Masson staining. GraphPad Prism 8.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The prepared GG/nHA had a good injectability and could be delivered to the bone defect area with a syringe. Four and 8 weeks after operation, the newly formed bone and bone volume fraction (BV/TV) in the experimental group were higher than those in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). Larger number of new bone were observed in the experimental group than the control group by H-E staining and Masson staining. CONCLUSIONS: GG/nHA can be injected into the mandibular defect area to promote its healing, and it is expected to be used as a novel bio-material for minimally invasive repair of oral and maxillofacial bone defects. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Segmentation, accuracy validation of mandibular molar, pulp cavity on cone-beam CT images by U-net neural network LIN Xiang, FU Yu-jie, REN Gen-qiang, WEN Jia-huan, CHEN Yu-fei, ZHANG Qi 2022, 31 (5):  454-459.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2022.05.002 Abstract ( 343 )   PDF (912KB) ( 298 )   PURPOSE: To realize the automatic segmentation of mandibular molar and pulp cavity on cone-beam CT (CBCT) images by U-net convolutional neural network, and to use the 3D models reconstructed by Micro-CT data as the ground truth to validate its accuracy. METHODS: Twenty groups of small field of view(FOV) CBCT data containing complete mandibular molars were collected from the Department of Radiology, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Tongji University. After preprocessing, an endodontic specialist labeled teeth and pulp cavities by MITK Workbench software. These data were used as the training set for training U-net neural network. In addition, five mandibular molars and corresponding small FOV CBCT data were collected. These five CBCT were processed in the same way and used as the testing set. Then, teeth and pulp cavities on CBCT images of the testing set were segmented and reconstructed by U-net neural network and the same specialist. The isolated teeth were scanned by a Micro-CT machine after preprocessing and the results were reconstructed to 3D models, which were used as the ground truth. Then the 3D models reconstructed by the specialist’s labeling, U-net network segmentation results, and the ground truth in the testing set were compared. Dice similarity coefficient(DSC), average symmetric surface distance (ASSD), Hausdorff distance (HD), and morphological analysis were used to evaluate the results. SPSS 20.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Compared with the ground truth, the segmentation accuracy of the U-net neural network measured by DSC, ASSD, and AHD was (95.30±1.01)%, (0.11±0.02) mm, and (1.05±0.31) mm in teeth and (81.21±2.27)%, (0.15±0.05) mm, and (3.29±1.85) mm in the pulp cavity, respectively. Morphological analysis results showed that the U-net network segmentation results were similar to the ground truth in tooth and pulp chamber. As for the segmentation results of root canals, only thick root canals could be segmented rather than the thin root canals, such as the canals in the apical third and lateral root canals. CONCLUSIONS: Under the experimental conditions, the U-net neural network trained by the specialist’s labeling realized the automatic and accurate segmentation of mandibular molar and their pulp chamber on CBCT images. For the segmentation of root canals, the results need to be further improved. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of different frequencies of Er:YAG laser on bond properties of zirconia ceramic ZHU Hong, WEI Meng, LIU Pan, YUAN Lu, ZHANG Yan-nan, CHEN Jian-feng 2022, 31 (5):  460-465.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2022.05.003 Abstract ( 240 )   PDF (1092KB) ( 204 )   PURPOSE: The effect of different frequencies of Er:YAG laser on bond properties of zirconia ceramic was investigated. METHODS: 3 mm×3 mm ×2 mm Y-TZP blocks were randomly divided into 6 groups（n=5）：control group (C),sandblasting group (SB) and Er:YAG laser group (A1-A4) in which the frequencies were 5, 10, 15 and 20 Hz, respectively, IPS e.max Press ceramics were used as group B. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were recorded for each group. The ceramics were bonded to teeth. After being stored in a constant temperature water bath at 37 ℃ for 24 hours, shear test was performed with universal testing machine. Fracture modes were evaluated with stereomicroscope. The data were analyzed with SPSS 26.0 software package. RESULTS： SEM showed that compared with the control group (C),the surface of Y-TZP treated by Er:YAG laser with different frequencies became rough. The results of shear test showed that the highest bond strength value for IPS e.max Press ceramics group(B) was (13.15±2.97) MPa, followed by sandblasting group (SB): (7.78±0.97) MPa, and 10 Hz group (A2): (7.13±0.75) MPa. There was no significant difference between sandblasting group (SB) and 10Hz group(A2) (P>0.05). Fracture modes of the control group (C) were mainly interface fracture of Y-TZP and resin cement;most of the fracture modes of Er:YAG laser and sandblasting group (SB) were interface fracture of Y-TZP and resin cement,a few of mixed fracture and cohesion fracture of resin cement;and the fracture modes of IPS e.max Press ceramics group(B) were all mixed fracture. CONCLUSIONS： Er:YAG laser with 10 Hz can replace 110 μm Al2O3 sandblasting for surface modification of Y-TZP, in order to increase the bonding strength between Y-TZP and resin cement. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect, mechanism of miR-124on osteogenic differentiation of dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells HU Yi-peng, OU Xiao-yan, ZHONG Hong-mei 2022, 31 (5):  466-470.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2022.05.004 Abstract ( 221 )   PDF (981KB) ( 195 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of microRNA (miR)-124 on osteogenic differentiation of dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells (DPSCs) and to explore the possible mechanism. METHODS: Logarithmic DPSCs were collected and divided into blank group, no-load group, miR-124 inhibitor group, miR-124 inhibitor combined with N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-1-alanyl]-S-ph (DAPT, Notch signaling pathway inhibitor) group. The blank group was not treated, the empty group was transfected with negative control vector inhibitor-NC, the miR-124 inhibitor group was transfected with miR-124 inhibitor, the miR-124 inhibitor combined with DAPT group was transfected with miR-124 inhibitor, and DAPT was added to make the final concentration of 5 μmol/L. The proliferation ability was tested by CCK-8 method 48 h after transfection. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was tested by p-nitrophenyl phosphate (P-NPP) method after 2 weeks of induction. The area of calcified nodules was tested by alizarin red staining method. The protein expression of hair-like division-related enhancer 1 (HEY1), hair-like division-related enhancer 2 (HEY2), and cyclin D1 gene (CCND1) were tested by Western blot. The data was analyzed by SPSS 19.0 software package. RESULTS: Compared with the blank group and no-load group, the A450 value at 24, 48, 72 h detected by CCK-8 experiment, A450 value of ALP activity, the area composition ratio of calcified nodules, and expression of HEY1, HEY2, and CCND1 in the miR-124 inhibitor group were increased (P<0.05). Compared with miR-124 inhibitor group, the A450 value at 24, 48, 72 h detected by CCK-8 experiment, A450 value of ALP activity, the area composition ratio of calcified nodules, and the expression of HEY1, HEY2, and CCND1 in the miR-124 inhibitor combined with DAPT group were significantly decreased(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Down-regulation of miR-124 can promote osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs. It is speculated that the mechanism of action is related to the activation of Notch signaling pathway. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of chlorhexidine-loaded halloysite nanotube on human dentin bond strength XIE Hui-lan, CHEN Jiang, CAO Bai-yu, LIN Yi 2022, 31 (5):  471-475.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2022.05.005 Abstract ( 210 )   PDF (896KB) ( 194 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of chlorhexidine-loaded halloysite aluminosilicate clay nanotube (HNT) incorporation into a two-step etch-and-rinse (ONE-STEP) and a self-etch (XENO Ⅴ) adhesive on human dentin tensile shear strength (TSS). METHODS: Ten groups (n=12) were prepared according to the adhesive system and amount of CHX/HNT incorporated (5%, 10%, 15%) as follows: XE control(A1), XE experimental control (A2), 5% CHX/HNT-XE (A3), 10%CHX/HNT-XE (A4), 15% CHX/HNT-XE (A5), OS control (B1), OS experimental control (B2), 5% CHX/HNT-OS (B3), 10% CHX/HNT-OS (B4), 15% CHX/HNT-OS (B5). TSS testing was performed after 24 h. Scanning electron microscopy of the resin-dentin interface of selected specimens was carried out. One-way ANOVA was used to evaluate the TSS date in XE groups and OS groups. Two-way ANOVA was used to evaluate the effect of the adhesive system and the CHX/HNT content on dentin TSS with SPSS 19.0 software package. RESULTS: The TSS date of 5% CHX/HNT-XE was significantly higher than the other groups. The TSS date of 10% CHX/HNT-OS was significantly higher than the other groups (P<0.05). No significant difference was detected between adhesive systems and dentin TSS. significant difference was found between CHX/HNT content and dentin TSS. CONCLUSIONS: CHX/HNT addition into dentin adhesive increased bond strength to dentin. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of dual sustained-release nanofiber scaffolds embedded with BMP-2protein nanospheres on the proliferation, differentiation of MC3T3-E1cells DUAN Xin, LIU Fei, LIU Ke-ke, WANG Song-song, ZHANG Yun-tao 2022, 31 (5):  476-482.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2022.05.006 Abstract ( 161 )   PDF (2180KB) ( 199 )   PURPOSE: Electrospinning technology was used to construct PCL composite nanofiber scaffold material of BMP-2 sustained-release nanospheres, and the effect of this nanospheres on proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells was evaluated. METHODS: Solvent removal method and electrostatic self-assembly technology were used to prepare BMP-2 loaded chitosan nanospheres, the morphology, particle size and composition, BMP-2 protein encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro sustained release were tested. Electrospinning technology was ued to prepare PCL composite scaffold material containing BMP-2 nanospheres, and its morphology, hydrophilicity,and sustained release of BMP-2 protein were examined. In vitro cytology experiment was conducted to observe the growth of cells in the material, and the formation of ALP, related genes, and mineralized nodules during the process of osteogenic differentiation of the material were detected. SPSS 21.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The nanospheres structure with stable structure was successfully prepared, with a high drug loading rate and sustained release of BMP-2. The PCL/BNPs scaffold material group had good hydrophilic properties and was conducive to cell proliferation and differentiation. The results of in vitro cell experiments showed that the cells spread well on the scaffold and the number of adhesions increased. ALP and related osteogenic genes COL1, OPN, RUNX2 increased, and the size and number of calcium nodules increased significantly. CONCLUSIONS: The polycaprolactone composite fiber scaffold material of BMP-2 sustained-release nanospheres can provide a new choice for the development of bone tissue engineering. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Curcumin targeting miR-155-5p/TP53INP1axis induced oxidative stress to regulate salivary gland tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis DU Hong-liang, HE Deng-qi, WANG Jia-Li, CHE Yin-fu, YAN Qing-han 2022, 31 (5):  483-490.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2022.05.007 Abstract ( 241 )   PDF (1709KB) ( 294 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the mechanism of curcumin targeting miR-155-5p/TP53INP1 axis to induce oxidative stress to regulate salivary gland tumor cell proliferation and apoptosis. METHODS: A253 cells were cultured by adding curcumin and transfected with miR-155-5p mimic and/or pcDNA3.1-TP53INP1. Cell proliferation was detected by CCK-8 assay cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry, cell migration ability was detected by scratch test. The targeting relationship between miR-155-5p and TP53INP1 was verified by dual luciferase reporter assay. miR-155-5p, TP53INP1 mRNA expression was detected by qRT-PCR. Western blot was performed to detect expression of TP53INP1, Caspase8, Caspase3, Bcl-2, Bax protein; and ELISA was used to determine SOD, Gpx, and MDA content. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 22.0 software package. RESULTS: Dual luciferase reporter assay confirmed that TP53INP1 was a downstream target regulatory molecule of miR-155-5p. Compared with DMSO group, cell apoptosis, Caspase8, Caspase3, Bax protein expression and TP53INP1 expression were significantly increased in curcumin group, while Bcl-2 protein expression, miR-155-5p mRNA and number of cell migration were significantly decreased(P<0.05). Compared with curcumin + miR-155-5p mimic group, cell apoptosis, Caspase8, Caspase3, Bax protein expression was significantly increased in curcumin + pcDNA3.1-TP53INP1 group and curcumin + miR-155-5p mimic + pcDNA3.1-TP53INP1 group; Bcl-2 protein expression was significantly increased(P<0.05), SOD, GSH-PX activities and number of cell migration were significantly decreased and MDA content was significantly increased in curcumin+pcDNA3.1-TP53INP1 group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Curcumin inhibited A253 cell proliferation and promoted A253 cell apoptosis. The mechanism may be related to targeting miR-155-5p/TP53INP1 axis to induce oxidative stress regulation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Enhanced mechanical properties, cytocompatibility of GelMA hydrogels by incorporating graphene oxide BAO Jing, QIN Wei, ZHU Qing, QIAN Wen-hao 2022, 31 (5):  491-496.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2022.05.008 Abstract ( 234 )   PDF (1321KB) ( 269 )   PURPOSE: To construct graphene oxide/methacrylated gelatin(GO/GelMA) hydrogel and to investigate its mechanical property and biocompatibility. METHODS: 50, 100, 200 μg/mL GO was added to GelMA and mixed thoroughly. The micromorphology of hydrogels was observed under scanning electron microscope(SEM). Compression text was used to assess lastic modulus, CCK-8 and live/dead cell staining was conducted to assess the viability of rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs). The data were analyzed using SPSS 23.0 software package. RESULTS: SEM showed a highly porous structure of the hydrogel. After adding GO, the elastic modulous increased (100, 200 μg/mL), swelling ratio increased(100 μg/mL) and expansion ratio decreased(200 μg/mL). The viability increased in 50 μg/mL GO and decreased in 100 and 200 μg/mL GO. CONCLUSIONS: Proper concentration of GO can increase the mechanical property and biocompatibility. 50 μg/mL GO/GelMA was suggested in bone tissue engineering given priority to biocompatibility. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Experimental study of the gap ossification in the double-barrel technique in rabbit tibia WANG Xiao-lin, SU Ming, LI De-long, HAN Zheng-xue 2022, 31 (5):  497-500.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2022.05.009 Abstract ( 361 )   PDF (1099KB) ( 163 )   PURPOSE: Double-barrel vascularized fibula graft is one of the most common surgical techniques to augment or maintain the height of the neo-mandible. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the gap completely disappeared and gap ossification ultimately achieved between the double barrels. METHODS: Six rabbits were used in the study. Each animal's tibia was vertically osteotomized at its midpoint, folded onto each other and fixed by mini-titanium plate, thus an animal model of “double barrel” was established. Specimens were obtained at 3 months and 6 months postoperatively, then the gap ossification between the double barrels was evaluated by radiography and histomorphology. Measurements of the gap width between the two tibial struts on X-ray films were performed 3 months after the operation at three sites: distal, middle and proximal site. Measurements were compared with those obtained immediately after operation using SPSS 19.0 software package. RESULTS: Three months after operation, radiography demonstrated that the gap between the double barrels gradually became vague. Histological study showed that irregular new woven bone formed in the gap between the two struts. There was significant difference in mean gap width at the distal and proximal site (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference at the middle site(P=0.552). Radiological and histological study showed cortical bone resorption in the contact area and two thin tubular bones fused into a thicker one 6 months postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: The double-barrel tibia fixed with titanium microplate can fuse into a large, unique, continuous bone barrel. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effectiveness of adjunctive photodynamic therapy in the treatment of stage Ⅲ, Ⅳ periodontitis FAN Ya-dan, SHU Rong, CHENG Lan, GE Lin-hua 2022, 31 (5):  501-506.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2022.05.010 Abstract ( 283 )   PDF (583KB) ( 208 )   PURPOSE: To explore the clinical effect of subgingival scaling and root planning (SRP) with adjunctive photodynamic therapy (PDT) in the treatment of stage Ⅲ and Ⅳ periodontitis. METHODS: According to 2018 Classification of Periodontitis, patients diagnosed as stage Ⅲ and Ⅳ periodontitis were recruited. One week after supragingival scaling, probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP) and gingival index (GI) were recorded as the baseline. All patients were divided into 3 groups, SRP group received whole mouth SRP treatment; PDT1 group: PDT at all sites with PD≥5 mm immediately after SRP; PDT2 group received another PDT at the test sites 6 weeks after full mouth SRP+PDT. PD, GI and the positive rates of BOP were compared 3 months and 6 months after treatment. SPSS 22.0 software package was used for data analysis. RESULTS: Thirty patients and 1 289 test sites were included in this trial. There were 10 patients in group SRP, PDT1 and PDT2, and the number of tests sites were 476, 36.9%, 384, 29.8% and 429 33.3%, respectively. The PD, GI and the positive rates of BOP in the three groups were reduced at 3-months and 6-months of follow-up (P<0.05), there was no significant difference between 3-months and 6-months of follow-up. At the site of PD≥5 mm, group PDT1 and PDT2 could significantly reduce GI and the positive rates of BOP at the test sites(P<0.05). When PD≥7 mm, significant PD reduction was observed in group PDT2(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In the treatment of stage Ⅲ and Ⅳ periodontitis, PDT assisted with SRP therapy can achieve better clinical effect than SRP alone. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of keratinized gingival width on periodontal regenerative surgery for the treatment of intrabony defects: a retrospective study LIU Hao-hao, HU Yi, ZHANG Chen, CHEN Mei-hua 2022, 31 (5):  507-511.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2022.05.011 Abstract ( 277 )   PDF (1199KB) ( 295 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of keratinized tissue width (KTW) on periodontal regenerative surgery for the treatment of intrabony defects. METHODS: The clinical data of 14 patients (44 intrabony defect sites) treated with periodontal regenerative surgery were retrospectively analyzed at baseline and 2-year of follow-up. Forty four sites were divided into KTW2 mm group and KTW≤2 mm group according to KTW at baseline. Periodontal clinical indicators of the 2 groups were analyzed by SPSS 25.0 software package. RESULTS: At 2-year post-treatment, probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL) in the 2 groups were decreased significantly compared with those at baseline(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in ΔPD, but △CAL in KTW2 mm group was significantly greater than that in KTW≤2 mm group. CONCLUSIONS: Periodontal regenerative surgery for the treatment of intrabony defects can effectively reduce periodontal pocket inflammation, decrease periodontal pocket depth and increase the level of attachment. When the width of the keratinized gingiva is insufficient(KTW≤2 mm), the regeneration of the attachment level obtained by surgery is limited, and the efficacy of regenerative surgery is poor. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study of the morphological difference of upper jaw impressions taken by intra-oral digital scanning, functional impression technique PENG Yan, WU Xue -ying, ZHONG Qun, FANG Shuo-bo, YE Ye 2022, 31 (5):  512-516.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2022.05.012 Abstract ( 221 )   PDF (834KB) ( 237 )   PURPOSE: To compare the difference in distal-extension models taken by intra-oral digital scanning and functional impression technique. METHODS: Twenty patients with dentition defect in upper jaw, including 10 Kennedy Ⅰ defect and another 10 Kennedy Ⅱ defect, were chosen to treat with intraoral digital scanning and functional impression technique respectively. Laboratory cast scanner was used to scan the plaster casts made from the functional impression to obtain the three-dimensional data. All the data were stored in STL format. The 3D data collecting from intra-oral digital scanning and functional impression from the same patient were compared by Geomagic Qualify 12 software, and the trueness of the difference on free end morphology were analyzed. Paired t test was used to analyze the difference of the alveolar mucosa variable with SPSS 20.0 software package. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the group of Kennedy I defect and Kennedy Ⅱ defect(P>0.05） regarding the two methods of impression. All the cases presented the tendency that with distance from distal teeth increasing, the average RMS also increased. CONCLUSIONS: Whether using intra-oral digital scanning or functional impression technique, the type of dentition defect was not obviously related to the difference of RMS in distal-extension tissues. In addition, there is positive correlation between the length of distal-extension edentulous area and difference of RMS, which needs further studies with more cases. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the correlation between combined detection of RACK1, M2/M1in oral squamous cell carcinoma, prognosis of the patients ZHU Jiang, XU Teng, SONG Dong-hui, WU Sen-bin 2022, 31 (5):  517-522.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2022.05.013 Abstract ( 228 )   PDF (1006KB) ( 156 )   PURPOSE: To explore the relationship between combined detection of tissue active protein kinase C receptor 1 (RACK1) and M2/M1 and the prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). METHODS: 129 OSCC patients admitted to the Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University were selected as the research subjects from February 2017 to May 2018. RACK1 and M2/M1 in cancer tissues and adjacent tissues of patients were detected and compared. The relationship between RACK1 expression, M2/M1 and clinicopathological factors, and relationship between RACK1 expression, M2/M1 and prognosis in cancer tissue were analyzed. SPSS 18.0 software package was used for data analysis. RESULTS: The positive expression rate of RACK1 and the value of M2/M1 in cancer tissues were significantly higher than those in adjacent tissues (P<0.05). The positive expression rate of RACK1 in cancer tissues of patients with stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ, cervical lymph node metastasis, and vascular involvement were significantly higher than those with stage Ⅰ-Ⅱ, no lymph node metastasis, and no vascular involvement(P<0.05). M2/M1 values in cancer tissues of patients with stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ, poor differentiation, and cervical lymph node metastasis were significantly higher than those with stage Ⅰ-Ⅱ, moderate differentiation, and no cervical lymph node metastasis(P<0.05). Cox regression analysis showed that the stage of tumor, cervical lymph node metastasis, positive expression rate of RACK1, and M2/M1 were independent prognostic factors affecting overall survival (P<0.05). ROC curve showed that AUC of cancer tissue RACK1, M2/M1 and combination of the two to predict the prognosis of OSCC patients were 0.743, 0.718 and 0.875, respectively. The survival rate of patients with positive expression of RACK1 was 62.24%, and the survival rate of patients with negative expression of RACK1 was 92.31%. The overall survival rate of patients with positive expression of RACK1 and patients with negative expression were compared, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). The survival rate of patients with M2/M1≥2.06 was 61.70%, the survival rate of patients with M2/M1<2.06 was 88.24%, and the overall survival curve of patients with M2/M1≥2.06 was compared with that of patients with M2/M1<2.06, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The expression of RACK1 and M2/M1 is abnormally high in cancer tissues of OSCC patients. The expression of RACK1 and M2/M1 is related to the patient's pathology and prognosis. The combination of the two has certain efficacy in predicting the prognosis of OSCC patients. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical analysis of immune function, intestinal flora changes in patients with oral squamous carcinoma before, after treatment QIAN Yi, DENG Chao, XU Xiao-bo, CHEN Ye-jun, HU Yun-ping, HONG Li-lin, FENG Da-jun 2022, 31 (5):  523-529.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2022.05.014 Abstract ( 242 )   PDF (1086KB) ( 192 )   PURPOSE: To characterize the alterations of intestinal bacteria and immunological function in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC) before and after treatment. METHODS: From September 2020 to September 2021, 28 patients suffering OSCC and 10 healthy volunteers undergoing treatment at our hospital were enrolled in the study. Conventional treatment regimens were administered to OSCC patients and the changes in immune function, intestinal bacteria composition and short-chain fatty acids were measured 1 week before and 6 months after therapy. GraphPad Prism 9.0 software package was used for data analysis. RESULTS: Immunological function measurements indicated significantly lower levels of lymphocyte subsets (including CD3+, CD4+, NK, CD4+/CD8+) and immunoglobulins (including IgG, IgA, IgM) in the peripheral blood of OSCC patients before treatment compared to healthy volunteers (P<0.05), as well as remarkably lower levels of serum cytokines (including TNF-α、IL-4、IL-6) (P<0.05). Following 6 months of conventional treatment, there was an improvement in immune function in OSCC patients compared to all patients before treatment(P<0.05). Compared to healthy volunteers, the diversity of intestinal bacteria was decreased in OSCC patients before treatment, whereas the diversity of intestinal bacteria recovered in OSCC patients after conventional treatment. At the phylum, the distribution of Epsilonbacteraeota, Proteobacteria and Patescibacteria were significantly elevated and the concentration of Verrucomicrobia was decreased in OSCC patients before treatment compared to healthy volunteers(P<0.05). Intriguingly, convention therapy reversed the disturbance of intestinal bacteria, including downgrading levels of Epsilonbacteraeota, Proteobacteria and Patescibacteria and increasing levels of Verrucomicrobia(P<0.05). Short-chain fatty acids (including acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid) were present at a lower level in the intestine of OSCC patients before treatment and were elevated after conventional treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Conventional treatment remarkably enhances immune function, revitalizes the distribution of intestinal microflora, elevates the content of short-chain fatty acids in the intestine of OSCC patients, thereby improving the patients' health. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparative analysis of the effect of autologous dentin particles, implantation of Bio-Oss on guided bone regeneration in the treatment of periodontal bone defects MAO Xin-xia, LIN Xiao-wei, WEI Xuan, LI Qin 2022, 31 (5):  530-534.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2022.05.015 Abstract ( 307 )   PDF (597KB) ( 284 )   PURPOSE: To analyze the effect of autologous dentin particles and Bio-Oss bone powder implantation on guided bone regeneration in the treatment of periodontal bone defects. METHODS: Eighty-two patients with periodontal bone defect treated in Zhangye People's Hospital from May 2018 to May 2020 who underwent guided bone regeneration treatment were selected and divided into experimental group and control group according to random number table method, with 41 cases in each group. The control group was implanted with Bio-Oss during the operation, and the experimental group was implanted with autologous dentin particles during operation. Periodontal pocket depth and attachment loss, buccal soft tissue profile, buccal soft tissue thickness, red aesthetic score, success rate, and complications were compared between the two groups of patients. SPSS 22.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Comparison within the group showed that 1 month and 1 year after operation, the periodontal pocket depth and attachment loss of the two groups were significantly reduced(P<0.05); and 1 year after operation, the periodontal pocket depth and attachment loss of the two groups were significantly lower than 1 month after surgery(P<0.05). Comparison between groups showed that 1 month and 1 year after operation, the periodontal pocket depth and attachment loss of the experimental group were significantly lower than those of the control group (P<0.05). Comparison within groups showed that 1 month and 1 year after operation, the buccal soft tissue profile of the two groups were significantly higher than that before operation (P<0.05); and 1 year after operation, the buccal soft tissue profile of the two groups were significantly lower than 1 month after operation. Comparison between groups showed that 1 year after operation, the buccal soft tissue profile of the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). Comparison within groups showed that 1 month and 1 year after surgery, the thickness of the buccal soft tissue of the two groups were significantly higher than that before surgery. Comparison between groups showed that there was no significant difference in the thickness of the buccal soft tissue at each time point between the two groups(P>0.05). Comparison within groups showed that 1 month and 1 year after operation, the red aesthetic scores of patients in the two groups were significantly higher than those before operation (P<0.05); in addition, the red aesthetic scores of the two groups 1 year after surgery were significantly higher than those 1 month after surgery (P<0.05). Comparison between groups showed that 1 month and 1 year after surgery, the red aesthetic scores of the experimental group were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05). One year after operation, the success rate of the experimental group and the control group were 90.24% (37/41) and 85.37% (35/41), respectively, and there was no significant difference between the two groups(P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of complications between the two groups(P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Autologous dentin particles can be used to guide bone regeneration to treat patients with periodontal bone defects, which can reduce the depth of periodontal pockets and loss of attachment, improve the buccal soft tissue profile and red aesthetic score, and the success rate is equivalent to implantation of Bio-Oss. Therefore, it is a safe and reliable treatment method. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification of circular RNA expression profiles in oral lichen planus WANG Hao-yu, SHEN Xue-min, SHEN Zheng-yu 2022, 31 (5):  535-539.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2022.05.016 Abstract ( 176 )   PDF (945KB) ( 171 )   PURPOSE: To construct the expression profile of circular RNA (circRNA) in human oral lichen planus (OLP), and to identify and validate the differentially expressed circRNA in oral lichen planus tissues and provide theoretical basis for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. METHODS: Six patients newly diagnosed with OLP from September to December 2018 in the Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital and 6 healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study. RNA sequencing and evaluation in OLP tissues and normal oral mucosa were performed by high-throughput RNA sequencing technology, and the differences between groups were analyzed. qRT-PCR was used to validate the results. Statistical analysis was conducted with SPSS 24.0 software package. Finally, bioinformatics techniques GO (Gene Ontology) enrichment analysis and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway were used to analyze the functions and related pathways of the dysregulated genes. RESULTS: According to the sequencing results, 85 differentially expressed circRNAs with fold change > 2 were identified in OLP tissues compared to the normal oral mucosa, including 66 upregulated circRNAs and 19 downregulated circRNAs. Three circRNAs with the most significant up-regulation and down-regulation were selected for qRT-PCR verification in expanded samples, and the results were consistent with the sequencing results. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that the differentially expressed circRNAs may play an important role in the occurrence and progression of oral lichen planus. CONCLUSIONS: Differentially expressed circRNAs between oral lichen planus tissues and normal oral mucosa were identified, which may be involved in the pathogenic mechanism of oral lichen planus and could be potential biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment of this disease. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Related factors of cervical lymph node metastasis, prognosis of patients with cN0tongue squamous cell carcinoma YE Pu, HUANG Xing-hong, ZHANG Wei, WU Meng, YU Hui-ming 2022, 31 (5):  540-543.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2022.05.017 Abstract ( 327 )   PDF (468KB) ( 171 )   PURPOSE: To explore the related factors of cervical lymph node metastasis and postoperative quality of life in patients with cN0 tongue squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and provide a theoretical basis for clinical prediction of occult neck metastasis and improvement of survival rate. METHODS: A total of 283 patients with cN0 tongue SCC who underwent surgery in Huaian No.1 People’s Hospital were collected. Chi-square test and logistic regression were used to analyze the correlation between cervical lymph node metastasis and clinical pathological parameters of patients. Single-factor and multi-factor Cox regression analysis were used to explore independent risk factors for prognosis of patients with tongue SCC. Survival analysis was used to study the correlation between cervical lymph node metastasis and prognosis of patients. SPSS 21.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis showed that infiltration depth, T stage and pathological grade were closely related to cervical lymph node metastasis(P<0.05), and infiltration depth was the main factor leading to postoperative cervical lymph node metastasis(OR=2.175). The depth of invasion, pathological grade and cervical lymph node metastasis could be regarded as independent risk factor affecting the prognosis of patients with tongue SCC(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Invasion depth, T stage and pathological grade can be used as indicators to predict occult cervical lymph node metastasis in patients with cN0 tongue SCC. Invasion depth, pathological grade and cervical lymph node metastasis can be used as independent indicators to predict the prognosis of patients with cN0 tongue SCC. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Short-term efficacy of three root canal filling methods in endodontic treatment of chronic periapical inflammation GUO Jing-jing, TANG Yi-qun, HE Hong, XU Zhen 2022, 31 (5):  544-549.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2022.05.018 Abstract ( 363 )   PDF (684KB) ( 262 )   PURPOSE: To provide a reference basis for clinical selection of a reasonable and effective root canal treatment by comparing the short-term clinical efficacy of three root canal filling methods in the treatment of chronic periapical inflammation. METHODS: One hundred and twenty patients with chronic periapical inflammation who received root canal filling between October 2019 and October 2020 were randomly divided into 3 groups, with 40 patients in each group. All patients received root canal filling, group A was filled with iRoot SP paste by matched-taper single cone obturation technique, group B was filled with AH-plus paste by warm vertical condensation, and group C filled with AH-plus paste by cold lateral condensation. Root canal filling time in the three groups was calculated, pain score 24 h after treatment was determined using visual analogue scale/score(VAS), and periapical index(PAI) was used to evaluate radiographs. SPSS 22.0 statistical software was applied for data analysis. RESULTS： Root canal filling times in the three groups were (75.50±7.44) s in group A, (85.38±3.46) s in group B and (102.33±3.32) s in group C, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05); the incidence of postoperative pain in the three groups was 25% in group A, 25% in group B and 32.5% in group C, the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05). There was no significant difference between group A and group B, but significant difference existed between group A, group B and group C. The results of comparison of PAI scores showed a time effect was F=498.93, P<0.001, suggesting significant difference in total PAI scores at different time points; a group effect was F=0.91, P=0.406, suggesting no significant difference in total PAI scores of the 3 groups; an interaction effect of time and group was F=0.44, P=0.777, suggesting that there was no significant difference in total PAI scores of the 3 groups at the time points. The total effective rate at 3 and 12 months was 97.5%, 97.3% in group A, 97.5%, 97.2% in group B and 90%, 91.9% in group C, the difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with the other 2 root canal filling methods, the iROOT SP paste matched-taper single cone obturation technique is clinically effective in terms of time saving and increasing the comfort of the patients' visit. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The influence of three-dimensional maxillary protraction simulation on dental, basal arch width coordination in early permanent dentition skeletal Class Ⅲ malocclusion HUANG Chun, WEN Xin, HUANG Le, ZHAO Ning 2022, 31 (5):  550-555.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2022.05.019 Abstract ( 272 )   PDF (1100KB) ( 195 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of three-dimensional maxillary protraction simulation using cone-beam CT (CBCT) on the width of the upper and lower jaws in early permanent dentition patients with skeletal Class Ⅲ malocclusion. METHODS: Twenty skeletal Class Ⅲ malocclusion and 20 skeletal Class I patients according to the inclusion criteria from the Department of Orthodontics,Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine between January 2016 and January 2021,were selected in this study. CBCT images were taken in all patients before treatment, and Mimics 20.0 software was used to measure the buccal-lingual inclination of the first molars and the width of the dental and basal arch of two groups of patients. Three-dimensional segmentation and maxillary forward movement simulation were performed to evaluate the dental and basal arch width after the sagittal relationship between the maxilla and mandible were changed. SPSS 21.0 software package was used for statistical analysis of the data. RESULTS: The maxillary molars inclined buccally and the mandibular molars inclined lingually in Class Ⅲ patients(P<0.01); there was no significant difference in the width of the mandibular basal arch between Class Ⅲ and Class I , but the width of the maxillary base arch in Class Ⅲ was significantly smaller than that in Class I (P<0.01), the difference between the maxillary and mandibular base arch widths of Class Ⅲ was significantly smaller than that of class I(P<0.01); however, there was no significant differences in the width of the maxillary and mandibular dental arches between the two groups. During the maxillary protraction simulation in Class Ⅲ patients, the width of the maxillary dental arch of Class Ⅲ was significantly larger than that of the mandible when the maxilla was moved 3 mm forward(P<0.05). The width of maxillary basal arch and the difference between upper and lower basal arch width were still smaller than that of Class I when moving 2 mm(P<0.05); but when the forward movement was 3 mm, there were no significant difference in maxillary basal arch width and maxillomandibular basal coordination between Class Ⅲ and Class I (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Skeletal Class Ⅲ patients in early permanent dentition showed some insufficient development of maxillary basal arch width and buccal inclination of maxillary molars. During maxillary protraction treatment, the width of dental and basal arch change significantly with the amount of maxillary forward movement and mandibular rotation. The sagittal change of the upper and lower jaws is one of the most important factors to decide whether the maxillary expansion is needed. If the change exceeds 3mm, maxillary expansion might not be necessary. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Efficiency of clear aligners in extrusion of posterior teeth evaluated by3-dimensional model superimposition ZHAO Jia-yuan, HU Cheng-si, JIN Yu, ZHANG Ling-ling, YI Fang, CHEN Jun-jie, ZHOU Ping, LU Yan-qin, LI Cheng-ri 2022, 31 (5):  556-560.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2022.05.020 Abstract ( 249 )   PDF (1209KB) ( 257 )   PURPOSE: To explore the efficiency of posterior teeth extrusion with clear aligners by 3-dimensional model superimposition, which provides a reference for the design of clinical programs. METHODS: We selected 24 patients with clear aligners whose posterior teeth were designed to extend more than 0.5 mm, and a total of 126 teeth were included. Digital models were obtained before and after treatment by intraoral scanning with iTero, named as "actual initial" and "achieved" digital models. Initial and final models from the ClinCheck, labeled as "virtual initial" and "predicted" models respectively. Initial, predicted, and achieved digital dental models were exported as stereolithography files and subsequently imported into Geomagic Studio. Extrusive measurements were made from the superimposition of the initial and predicted models (predicted movement) and from the superimposed initial and achieved models (achieved movement). Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 23.0 and GraphPad Prism 5.0 software package. The extrusion efficiency of the posterior teeth was calculated, at the meanwhile the influencing factors were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean extrusion efficiency of posterior teeth during clear aligners treatment was 30.2%. The actual extrusion was linearly related to the expected(P<0.05), and the linear regression equation was y=0.305x-0.010. The difference between the actual and the predicted extrusion was positively correlated with the number of appliances(P<0.05), and also positively correlated with the predicted extrusion value(P<0.001). This difference was larger in low-angle patients than in patients with average angle (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The extrusion rate of posterior teeth is relatively low during clear aligners treatment, and the average efficiency is 30.2%. Vertical growth pattern affects the extrusion efficiency. So more overcorrections can be designed for average angle patients. References | Related Articles | Metrics