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25 April 2021, Volume 30 Issue 2 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Experimental study on the structure and immune cell phenotypes of the lymphoid tissues in oral lichenoid lesions LI Jing-jing, SONG Chen-cheng, LI Chen-xi, XIA Rong-hui, DENG Yi-wen, WANG Yu-feng, TANG Guo-yao 2021, 30 (2):  113-119.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.02.001 Abstract ( 353 )   PDF (5941KB) ( 410 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the existence of tertiary lymphoid structures(TLS) in oral lichenoid lesions and its compositional characteristics of immune cells. METHODS: Tissue samples of normal oral mucosa, oral lichen planus (OLP) and oral lichenoid tissue reaction(OLTR) were collected, thirty cases in each group. Hematoxylin-eosin(H-E) staining was performed to identify the TLS-like structures, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining was applied to assess the structure and amount of infiltrating CD3+ T cells, CD19+, CD20+ B cells, CD21+ follicular dendritic cells (FDC), Bcl-6+ germinal centers, CD34+ PNAd+ venules and CD34+ Gp36+ micro lymphatic vessels in TLS of OLL. Histopathology and molecular markers were used to evaluate the morphological performance of TLS in OLL. Chi-square test (Fisher exact probability method) was applied to compare the proportion of TLS in each group; integral optical density (IOD) method was used to calculate the expression level of each molecular marker, nonparametric t test (Mann-Whitney U test) was employed to analyze their difference. Statistical analysis was performed with GraphPad Prism 7.0 software. RESULTS: In OLP group and OLTR group, 46.7% (14/30) and 23.4% (7/30) cases had TLS-like structures, respectively. The frequency of TLS-like structures was not correlated with the type of disease(P>0.05). Compared with the control group, the molecular markers in OLP group and OLTR group were highly expressed, and the expression of CD19, CD20, and CD21 in OLP group had morphological and structural characteristics of TLS. The expression of Bcl-6(mean and standard deviation of IOD were 15 498±15 108 vs. 1 841±2 276, P<0.000 1), CD20 (13 067±9 049 vs. 7 695±5 159, P<0.05), CD21 (13 968±14 560 vs. 2 552±2 584, P<0.000 1), PNAd (10 328±10 383 vs. 1 756±1 570, P<0.000 1) and Gp36 (12 778±12 390 vs. 2 313±2 578, P<0.000 1) showed significant differences between OLP and OLTR tissues, but it could not be used as the criteria for identifying the type of diseases without morphological characters. CONCLUSIONS: TLS exists in OLL lesions, mainly presented as non-classical forms. The classical forms can be occasionally found. CD20 and CD21 can be used as the biomarkers to identify the TLS in OLL. TLS can not be used as the diagnosing criteria for identifying OLP or OLTR. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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An evaluation of fiber reinforced composites veneer in anterior esthetic restoration ZHONG Qun, JIA Shuang, YE Rong-rong, CHEN Dong, WANG De-fang, BAO Xiang-jun 2021, 30 (2):  120-123.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.02.002 Abstract ( 290 )   PDF (3582KB) ( 249 )   PURPOSE: To explore the advantages of fiber reinforced composites veneer in repairing discolorated and defective anterior teeth. METHODS: Twenty porcelain veneers and 20 fiber reinforced composites veneers specimens of 2 cm long, 2 cm wide and 1 mm in thickness, with a longitudinal cross section of 45° incline were made. Another 40 fiber reinforced composites specimens of the same shape were used for comparison. After polishing and acid treatment of all the specimens according to clinical routine, resin cement was used for bonding the porcelain cover with resin veneers slope, and the conjunct specimens were soaked in 40 ℃ warm water for 24 h and drying; then the two groups of specimens were put were put on the pressure testing platform of the universal testing machine, with 1 mm/min testing pressure, and 1 cm2 square head was contacted on the surface of the bonding interface. Computer was used to record the fracture process of the two groups of specimens and the maximum compressive strength of bonding interface automatically. The compressive strength of the bonding interface under the same conditions was evaluated. SPSS 12.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The compressive strength of the bonding interface between fiber reinforced composites was significantly higher than that between porcelain and fiber reinforced composites(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with porcelain veneers that can not be repaired when damaged in the anterior teeth, high-strength fiber resin veneers can partially be repaired with the same material, which has obvious advantages. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A five-year experience for treating patients with chronic apical periodontitis with root canal treatment: a retrospective cohort study JIA Ge, YU Miao, SHANG Xin-hua, WU Jian-hua, ZHAI Qin-kai 2021, 30 (2):  124-128.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.02.003 Abstract ( 1355 )   PDF (4051KB) ( 520 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the clinical outcomes, including survival and periapical healing rates and failure causes, of root canal treatment for patients with periapical lesion. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted which enrolled patients admitted for the evaluation and management of periapical lesion with root canal treatment. The primary predictor variables were difficulty assessment of root canal therapy (DARCT),which was divided into lower（DARCT =3-4）, medium (DARCT =5-7) and higher (DARCT =8-9) difficulty root canal, in terms of canal length, curvature and calcification. The primary outcome measurement was the incidence of periapical healing and survival rate. Potential confounders included patient demographics, canal number, root canal filling, and coronal restoration. χ2 test and logistic regression analysis were used for statistical analysis with SPSS 21.0 software package. RESULTS: The 5-year survival rate was 81.4%(83/102) and healing rate was 77.1% (64/83). DARCT was significantly associated with the survival rate(P=0.017). Root fracture, deep pockets lesions and periodontal abscess were observed in DARCT with a value of 8-9(P=0.027), leading to tooth extraction. The teeth with multiple root canals were extracted due to recurrent or persistent periapical lesion (P=0.004). Chi-square test showed that root canal number (P=0.021), quality of root canal filling (P=0.006) as well as DARCT (P=0.000) were significantly correlated with the final healing rate. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that DARCT (P=0.000) and the quality of root canal filling (P=0.033) were associated with the final healing rate. CONCLUSIONS: DARCT and the quality of root canal filling play key roles in the clinical prognosis of periapical lesion, DARCT and number of root canal are more likely to be correlated with failure. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study of the root position of palatally malposed maxillary lateral incisor based on cone-beam CT images MAO Yan-min, XU Yan, LUO Wei, LU Yun, LIU Yue-hua 2021, 30 (2):  129-134.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.02.004 Abstract ( 641 )   PDF (4360KB) ( 220 )   PURPOSE: The goal of this investigation was to measure and analyze the root position of palatally malposed maxillary lateral incisor based on cone-beam CT(CBCT)images, in order to provide references for orthodontists to move this kind of teeth scientifically. METHODS: CBCT data from 200 patients meeting the selection criteria with palatally malposed maxillary lateral incisor were investigated in this study. The root was divided into eight equal parts by length, then T1 to T8 were orderly pointed from root apex to alveolar ridge crest. The labial and palatal bone thickness at each point was measured; meanwhile, the angle between the long axis of the tooth and that of the alveolar bone was measured.The data was analyzed using SPSS 19.0 software package. RESULTS: The mean labial bone thicknesses at all researched points were less than 1.00 mm, except for point T1,T7 and T8. The mean labial bone thicknesses at point T3, T4 and T5 were the thinnest, which were all less than 0.5 mm(P<0.05). The mean thicknesses of labial bone gradually increased from T4 to T8(P<0.05). The mean palatal bone thicknesses were all more than 1.00 mm at the eight points,the mean thicknesses of palatal bone gradually increased from T8 to T1(P<0.05). All the angulations between the long axes of teeth and those of the alveolar bone were negative, indicating the root was close to the labial alveolar wall. The average angulation was minus 31.06 degrees. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that the root of palatally malposed maxillary lateral incisor is close to the labial wall of the alveolar bone, its labial alveolar bone is frequently quite thin or even deficient, especially in the zone between 1/4 root length to the root apex and the mid-root. If we move the palatally malposed maxillary lateral incisor labially, it is better to choose tipping movement, instead of bodily movement, in order to avoid serious bone fenestration and dehiscence or root absorption. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Accuracy of implantation between two immediate implantation methods in mandibular molars MU Hai-zhang, WANG Wen-chao, YANG Pei-ming, ZHANG Yong-ya, HUANG Hui, ZHANG Shan-yong 2021, 30 (2):  135-139.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.02.005 Abstract ( 465 )   PDF (3740KB) ( 265 )   PURPOSE: To compare the accuracy of implant placement between modified and traditional immediate implant placement in mandibular molar regions. METHODS: Twenty-four patients were selected for immediate implantation in the molar area including 24 implantation sites. Preoperative cone-beam CT(CBCT) was conducted and then digital software Simplant 18.0 was used to design the ideal three-dimensional position of the implants. In the experimental group, the implant socket was prepared first according to reference of the remaining natural teeth, then the implant was implanted after minimally invasive extraction. Twelve patients in the control group underwent immediate implantation by traditional immediate implant procedures. Minimally invasive extraction, then socket preparation, and final implanting were performed. All patients underwent CBCT after surgery. Implant sites designed prior to surgery and actual implant sites differences between modified and traditional immediate implant placement were measured by Simplant 18.0 and compared with SPSS 17.0 software package. RESULTS: In the experimental group and control group, the measured average deviation were as follows, the angle was (4.492±0.912)° and (7.255±1.307)°, respectively; The horizontal error of the implant shoulder was (0.379±0.083) mm and (1.229±0.270) mm, respectively; The measuring horizontal error of the implant apex was (1.263±0.267) mm and (2.183±0.264) mm, respectively; The calculative horizontal error of the implant apex was (1.324±0.203) mm and (2.709±0.383) mm, respectively; Depth error of the implant apex was (0.663±0.123) mm and (1.533±0.155) mm, respectively, which were significantly lower than those of the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with the traditional method, modified immediate implantation can improve the accuracy of implantation in mandibular molars. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression and clinical significance of BTG-1 in 78 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma JIN Neng-hao, NAN Xin-rong, YAN Xing-quan 2021, 30 (2):  140-144.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.02.006 Abstract ( 446 )   PDF (3954KB) ( 342 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the expression and clinical significance of B cell translocation gene 1 (BTG1) in oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC). METHODS: Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of BTG1 protein in 78 cases of OSCC tissues, 78 adjacent tissues, 20 normal oral mucosa tissues, and 80 cervical lymph nodes. Western blot and real-time quantitative PCR were used to detect BTG1 protein and mRNA expression levels in 78 OSCC tissues and adjacent tissues. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, Log rank test and Cox regression analysis were performed with SPSS 21.0 software package. RESULTS: The expression level of BTG1 in OSCC and cervical positive lymph nodes was significantly lower than that in normal tissues and negative lymph nodes adjacent to the cancer, and the expression of BTG1 in poorly differentiated OSCC was significantly lower than that in highly differentiated OSCC (P<0.05); Survival analysis showed the progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival time(OS) of BTG1 low-expression group were significantly lower than those of high-expression group (P<0.05). Cox regression analysis showed that the degree of tumor differentiation, cervical lymph node metastasis, and BTG1 expression all affected patients' prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: BTG1 is lowerly expressed in OSCC, with expression related to TNM stage and differentiation of OSCC but no relation with gender, age, and tumor location, including that BTG1 may be involved in the occurrence, development and prognosis of OSCC. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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DSA types and treatment strategy of venous malformations of the tongue： an analysis of 132 consecutive patients LI Jia-peng, XIAN Dan, ZHANG Guo-run, HE Xian-ming, CHEN Ju-feng, LI Jin, ZHANG Guo-yi 2021, 30 (2):  145-150.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.02.007 Abstract ( 659 )   PDF (5116KB) ( 170 )   PURPOSE: To explore the DSA classification and treatment strategy of tongue venous malformation. METHODS: From February 2016 to February 2019, the DSA manifestations of 132 cases with venous malformations of the tongue were summarized. They were classified into 4 types according to imaging characteristics: typeⅠ(non-drainage type), typeⅡ(lower- drainage type), type Ⅲ (higher-drainage type), type Ⅳ(extensive type). Different therapeutic schemes were selected according to the types. The non- drainage type was treated with pingyangmycin alone, the lower-drainage type was treated with lauromacrogol foam alone, the higher- drainage type was treated with absolute alcohol combined with lauromacrogol foam, the extensive type was treated as higher-drainage type first and then combined with plastic resection. Among the cases, therapeutic effects and adverse reactions of each group were recorded and compared. RESULTS: One hundred and thirty-two cases in this study were followed up for 12 to 41 months with an average of 15.8 months. After sclerosing therapy, the venous malformations of the tongue of all patients significantly reduced or even disappeared. Type Ⅰincluded 8 cases with an efficiency of 100%, type Ⅱ included 17 cases with an efficiency of 100%, type Ⅲ included 98 cases with an efficiency of 90.8%, typeⅣincluded 9 cases, with an efficiency of 77.8%.The main adverse reactions were tissue necrosis: 0 in typeⅠ, 1(5.88%) in typeⅡ, 16(16.33%) in type Ⅲ, and 7(77.78%) in type Ⅳ. CONCLUSIONS: The classification of venous malformations of the tongue based on DSA is significant and valuable in guiding clinical treatment. The majority of tongue venous malformations are type Ⅲ, and the smallest propotion is type Ⅰ. Transmucosal sclerotherapy with absolute ethanol is of significance for the treatment of venous malformations of the tongue classified in type Ⅲ and type Ⅳ. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of 137 740 dental emergency cases from 2017 to 2018 SHEN Ye-qing, LIU Yi, JIANG Long, GUO Yi-bo, LIAO Qian 2021, 30 (2):  151-155.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.02.008 Abstract ( 252 )   PDF (3345KB) ( 136 )   PURPOSE: To analyze the clinical data of oral emergency cases and the characteristics of oral emergency diseases, and provide clinical basis for improving the quality of oral emergency treatment and making reasonable arrangement. METHODS: A total of 137 740 patients in oral emergency department from January 1st, 2017 to December 31st, 2018 were collected and analyzed retrospectively according to gender, age, time of visit and diagnosis. The results were analyzed with Chi-square test by Excel 7.0 and SPSS 19.0 software package. RESULTS: The ratio of men and women was 1.13:1, with an average age of 35.71 years. The highest incidence was seen in October 2018, and the lowest was in February 2017. The peak time of oral emergency was 20:00 to 21:00. The top three disease entity were maxillofacial injury (29.17%), facial infection (26.95%) and pulpitis (10.08%). CONCLUSIONS: There is a wide range of diseases and a large number of patients in oral emergency and the visiting time is relatively concentrated. Dentists for emergency need to master the professional knowledge of oral surgery and endodontics. In order to make precise strategies to formulate the scale of oral emergency, considerations should be taken with the changing features of the period and month of oral emergency treatment. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Relationship between oral Candida albicans and flora in children with severe early childhood caries YAO Yao, HE Liu-ting 2021, 30 (2):  156-161.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.02.009 Abstract ( 237 )   PDF (4645KB) ( 196 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between oral Candida albicans and flora in children with severe infant caries. METHODS: Forty-two children with severe infant caries (experimental group) and 40 caries-free children (control group) treated in Peking University Shenzhen Hospital from March 2018 to June 2019 were enrolled. The samples of saliva and plaque were collected and cultured. According to the culture results, the experimental group was further divided into two subgroups: Candida albicans positive group and Candida albicans negative group. The samples were sequenced by high-throughput sequencing technology, then the diversity and abundance of bacteria were analyzed. The data were processed by SPSS 23.0 software package. RESULTS: The positive rates of Candida albicans in saliva and plaque were significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group(P<0.05). The abundance of Leptotrichia and Cardiobacterium in the saliva of children with positive Candida albicans in the experimental group was significantly higher than that of children with negative Candida albicans(P<0.05). The abundance of Prevotella in plaque of children with positive Candida albicans in the experimental group was significantly higher than that of children with negative Candida albicans and control group(P<0.05). The abundance of Leptotrichia in saliva of children with positive Candida albicans in the experimental group was significantly higher than that of children with negative Candida albicans (P<0.05), while the abundances of Capnocytophaga, Cardiobacterium hominis, and Capnocytophaga granulose were significantly lower than those of children with negative Candida albicans(P<0.05). The abundance of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus gasseri, and Lactobacillus vaginalis in the plaque of positive Candida albicans in the experimental group were significantly higher than those of children with negative Candida albicans(P<0.05), while the abundance of Lactobacillus plantarum was significantly lower than that of children with negative Candida albicans (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Candida albicans in children with severe infant caries children is closely correlated with the abundance of Leptotrichia, Capnocytophaga, Cardiobacterium hominis, Capnocytophaga granulosa, Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus, which may play a synergistic or antagonistic role. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of root development on the root and periodontal absorptions of maxillary impacted anterior teeth after orthodontic traction XIE Lei, XIAO Yao, ZENG Jin, XIE Yi-jia 2021, 30 (2):  162-166.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.02.010 Abstract ( 389 )   PDF (3800KB) ( 241 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of root development on root and periodontal tissues of maxillary impacted anterior teeth after orthodontic traction based on cone-beam CT (CBCT). METHODS: Thirty-four patients (34 teeth) requiring orthodontic traction for maxillary impacted anterior teeth in Southwest Medical University Affiliated Stomatological Hospital from July 2018 to March 2019 were selected. The patients were divided into incomplete development group and complete development group according to root development, each with 17 cases. All patients received orthodontic traction treatment. Root length, thickness of root canal wall, pulp vitality, width of the attachment ridge, bone mineral density around root and orthodontic traction time were compared between the two groups. Statistic analysis was completed by SPSS 20.0 software package. RESULTS: Root length of complete development group was significantly longer than that of incomplete development group before treatment(P<0.05). After treatment, the root length of incomplete development group was significantly longer than that of the complete development group(P<0.05). The thickness of root canal wall was significantly greater in complete development group than in incomplete development group before treatment (P<0.05), which had no significant difference between groups after treatment(P>0.05). The pulp vitality and width of the attachment ridge had no significant difference between two groups after treatment(P>0.05). Bone mineral density around root was significantly decreased in both groups after treatment(P<0.05), and was lower in complete development group than in incomplete development group(P<0.05). The orthodontic traction time in the complete development group was significantly longer than that in incomplete development group(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In orthodontic traction treatment, the impacted anterior teeth with undeveloped roots have advantages of mild root absorption, rapid periodontal tissue reconstruction, short orthodontic traction time with the root, thickness of root canal wall and pulp vitality in the normal range. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Maxillary dental and palatal morphological characteristics in 62 children with impacted maxillary canine in mixed dentition TANG Wan-hong, ZENG Huan, LIN Ju-hong 2021, 30 (2):  167-172.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.02.011 Abstract ( 484 )   PDF (4593KB) ( 183 )   PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the difference of dental arch and palatal morphology between children with impacted maxillary canine and without impacted maxillary canine, to provide reference for early diagnosis and treatment of impacted maxillary canine. METHODS: Sixty-two children, 8-11 years of age (9.8±1.04 years), were divided into experimental group and control group, with 31 children in each group. Digital casts were obtained using 3D laser scanner from maxillary models. Dental arch width, length, basal bone width, palatal width, height, surface area and volume were measured. Paired t test was performed with SPSS 24.0 software package. RESULTS: Dental arch width and palatal width were significantly narrower in experimental group than in control group(P<0.05), but there was on significant difference in dental arch length, basal bone width and palatal height between the two groups(P>0.05).Additionally, palatal surface area and volume were significantly larger in control group than in experimental group(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Children with impacted maxillary canine have smaller maxillary dental arch width, palatal width, palatal surface area and volume compared to control group. Dental arch width, palatal width, palatal surface area and volume should be taken into consideration when early identifying impacted maxillary canine. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Control study of forward head posture between patients with temporomandibular disorders and healthy people YAO Yuan, XU Li-li, FAN Shuai 2021, 30 (2):  173-176.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.02.012 Abstract ( 468 )   PDF (2844KB) ( 370 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the difference of forward head posture between patients with temporomandibular disorders(TMD) and healthy people. METHODS: Ninety-one TMD patients (18 males and 73 females) were recruited from the Department of Rehabilitation; Meanwhile, eighty-three healthy participants（20 males and 63 females）were recruited. A digital camera was used to capture images of the sagittal plane of the head and neck and upper thorax. The craniovertebral angle between the horizontal line passing through C7 and a line extending from the tragus of the ear to C7 was recorded. The difference of craniovertebral angle between TMD patients and healthy people of different genders were analyzed with SPSS 20.0 software package. RESULTS: In both male and female groups,the craniovertebral angle of TMD patients was significantly smaller than that of healthy people（P<0.01）. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with healthy people, TMD patients present more forward head with abnormal head and neck posture. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cognitive investigation and analysis of space loss in children ZHANG Nan, WANG Sun, ZHENG Wei, CHEN Xiao-min, LI Xiao-xin 2021, 30 (2):  177-181.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.02.013 Abstract ( 232 )   PDF (3908KB) ( 254 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the difference of parent's cognition of children's space loss and its influencing factors, to provide reference for children's oral health education, in order to reduce the incidence of malocclusion. METHODS: A self-designed questionnaire was used to investigate the basic information and related problems of 36 parents whose children received space loss treatment. SPSS 22.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Parents paid more attention to the common oral problems of their children, the awareness of oral prevention and health care were weak, the attention to treatment was higher than that of prevention. The attitude of parents to the cognition and targeted treatment of malocclusion caused by space loss was low(27.78%), which was significantly different from that of caries (75.00%) and premature loss of deciduous teeth (63.89%). The total cognition of space loss was 61.11%. The cognitive degree of parents with different characteristics was different: the cognitive degree of parents over 50 years old was lower(14.29%), the cognitive degree of parents with higher education was higher(82.35%), there was no significant difference in cognitive degree among different gender, occupation and family monthly income groups. Parents paid more attention to the basic oral health of their children, most of the interval time between this visit and the last visit was 3 months(63.89%). The main purpose of the visit was caries or tooth pain caused by caries(63.89%). Most of parents did not know the harmful effect of space loss(72.22%). There were more parents who did not know the necessity of treatment to space loss(58.33%). Parents mainly learned the treatment to space loss through the doctor's education during dental visits(72.22%). The number of active visits were less when space loss occured(22.22%), and most of parents were recommended by dentist when they came to the clinics(72.22%). Most parents were able to accept the dentists' advice on the treatment of space loss(77.78%). CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to strengthen the propaganda, coverage and depth of oral health education care, strengthen the awareness of oral preventive health care, especially for the parents with special personality on the importance of space loss, to prevent primary teeth caries and premature loss of primary teeth, avoid the loss of dental space, make the complete primary dentition to form a normal permanent dentition. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of malocclusion on self-esteem of children aging 8 to 10 years in Chongqing ZHANG Yi, LI Jing, SHEN Lu, WANG Jin-hua 2021, 30 (2):  182-186.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.02.014 Abstract ( 224 )   PDF (3472KB) ( 314 )   PURPOSE:This study was aimed to investigate the effect of malocclusion on self-esteem of children aging 8 to 10 years in Chongqing. METHODS:According to the standards of the Fourth National Oral Health Epidemiological sampling survey,a multistage, stratified, cluster, and random sampling method was used to select 1 588 children from 12 schools in 3 districts and 3 counties in Chongqing. The part of tooth health of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) was used to evaluate malocclusion. The aesthetic part of the IOTN was used to evaluate the subjective orthodontic treatment need. The Harter’s Self-perception Profile for Children was used to evaluate the self-esteem. The data were analyzed with SPSS 20.0 software package. RESULTS: Subjective orthodontic treatment need IOTN-AC(moderate severe), overjet (severe: 6-9 mm, >9 mm), anterior crossbite, open bite, caries located in the anterior tooth area were negatively correlated with self-esteem(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Subjective orthodontic treatment need and malocclusion, especially the types that have great influence on beauty obviously affect children’s self-esteem. It is necessary to increase the investment and education of early orthodontic intervention. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of apical root resorption of maxillary incisors between adolescents and adults after orthodontic treatment GE Ling-ling, LYU Qian, BAI Xue, WU Shao-hong, JIANG Xi-ling 2021, 30 (2):  187-190.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.02.015 Abstract ( 438 )   PDF (3119KB) ( 353 )   PURPOSE: To compare apical root resorption of maxillary incisors between adolescents and adults after orthodontic treatment. METHODS: Patients receiving orthodontic treatment in Affiliated Hospital of Chifeng University from May 2014 to August 2016 were enrolled, and divided into two age groups: adolescent group (32) and adult group (36). The included subjects received orthodontic fixed appliance treatment with straight-wire technique combined with Hawley type retainer for one year. After treatment, all patients were followed up for one year. Then the apical root resorption of maxillary incisors was evaluated by cone-beam CT (CBCT) at 4 time points, including pre-treatment (T1), end of treatment (T2), 6 months after treatment (T3), and 12 months after treatment (T4). Data were processed by SPSS 20.0 software package. RESULTS: The external root volume of maxillary central incisor, lateral incisors, mandibular central incisors and mandibular lateral incisors of both sides at T2-T4 was significantly lower than that at T1(P<0.05). There was partial increase in root volume of both groups at T3 and T4, while no significant difference from that at T2 (P>0.05). △root volume T3-T2 and △root volume T4-T3 had no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). △root volume T3-T2 in the adolescent group was significantly smaller than that in the adult group (P<0.05). Correlation analysis showed that the △root volumeT1-T2 was significantly positively correlated with age (P<0.05), meanwhile △root volume T3-T2 and △root volume T4-T3 were negatively correlated with age (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Age is an important factor affecting the volume of root after orthodontic treatment. Adolescent patients with Class II division 1 malocclusion have a strong ability of self-healing after orthodontic treatment. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical performance of chairside monolithic lithium disilicate glass-ceramic CAD-CAM crowns CHEN Yue-jing, YAO Yao, LUO Ao-xiang 2021, 30 (2):  191-195.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.02.016 Abstract ( 312 )   PDF (3571KB) ( 358 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the clinical performance of chairside monolithic lithium disilicate glass-ceramics computer-aided design(CAD)-computer aided manufacturing(CAM) crowns, and to analyze the influencing factors of cumulative survival rate. METHODS: Two hundred and fourteen patients who had chairside posterior lithium disilicate glass-ceramic CAD-CAM crowns in Peking University Shenzhen Hospital from March 2015 to March 2017 were enrolled. The crown preparations were milled using Cerec Omnicam system. The clinical and esthetic effects of the crowns were analyzed at 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 months. The cumulative survival rate of crowns was calculated, and the effects of gender, age, pulp condition, tooth position and adhesive type on the cumulative survival rate were analyzed. SPSS 20.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: After a 36-month follow-up, the failed crowns were mainly caused by marginal integrity, crown fracture and loss of retention. During the observation period of 3, 6, 12, 24 and 36 months, the scores of color, shape, quality of proximal contact, and chewing ability were greater than 9. The cumulative survival rates were 100.00%, 96.17%, 94.89%, 92.77% and 91.06% at 3, 6, 12, 24 and 36 months, respectively. The cumulative survival rate had no significant difference among different gender, age, and dental pulp status(P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Chairside monolithic lithium disilicate glass-ceramic CAD-CAM crowns have a high 3-year cumulative survival rate and good esthetic outcome, which is not affected by gender, age, and pulp status with high clinical value. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The feasibility of zygomatic implant quad approach in patients with tooth agenesis: a radiographic analysis HE Sha-min, YU Kang, WANG Hao-wei, HUANG Wei, WANG Feng, WU Yi-qun 2021, 30 (2):  196-200.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.02.017 Abstract ( 261 )   PDF (3910KB) ( 184 )   PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to analyze the feasibility of zygomatic implant quad approach in patients with tooth agenesis. METHODS: Based on the data from cone-beam CT (CBCT), twenty one patients with tooth agenesis who were planned to receive zygomatic implant quad approach were enrolled. The radiographic bone-to-implant contact (rBIC) of each zygomatic implant placed virtually in patients' zygomatic segment was measured. SPSS 25.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Twenty patients' plans of zygomatic implant quad approach were completed (12 men and 8 women). A total of 80 zygomatic implants were placed virtually and the average rBIC of zygomatic segment was (13.85±3.29) mm. The rBIC values of 40 mesial zygomatic implants and 40 distal zygomatic implants were (13.80±3.74) mm and (13.90±2.81) mm, respectively(P>0.05). The average rBIC in male of 24 mesial zygomatic implants and 24 distal zygomatic implants were(14.21±4.08) mm and(14.31±3.18) mm, respectively, slightly higher than those in female of 16 mesial zygomatic implants and 16 distal zygomatic implants, which were (13.18±3.18) mm and (13.29±2.10) mm, respectively. There was no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). The average rBIC of 15 extra sinus zygomatic implants, 46 against sinus lateral wall zygomatic implants and 19 intra-sinus zygomatic implants were (16.27±2.95), (13.87±3.10) and (11.88±2.78) mm, respectively. There was significant difference between the extra sinus zygomatic implants and the other two(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It is feasible to plan zygomatic implant quad approach for patients with tooth agenesis. Zygomatic implants can get adequate rBIC in zygomatic segment and to provide sufficient support and retention of the superstructure. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study of salivary metabonomics in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma and leukoplakia XUE Jia-yi, ZHU Xiao-yan, WEI Chang-lei, SUN Pei, ZHANG Hui, DENG Jing 2021, 30 (2):  201-205.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.02.018 Abstract ( 329 )   PDF (3652KB) ( 305 )   PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to detect and analyze the existence of differential metabolites from saliva of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC) by metabonomics method, and to evaluate its application value on clinical diagnosis or screening of OSCC. METHODS: The collected saliva samples for OSCC patients, oral leukoplakiac(OLK) patients who were pathologically diagnosed and met the inclusion criteria were analyzed using metabonomics methods (GC-TOF-MS). The results were analyzed by principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis using SIMCA software. RESULTS: The metabolic profiles of OSCC, OLK and healthy control group showed significant differences (P<0.05). In total, 15 typical differential metabolites among the three groups were detected. Further study focusing on metabolic pathway revealed imbalance of protein, energy and lipid metabolism between OSCC and OLK patients. Abnormal tricarboxylic acid cycle was detected as well. CONCLUSIONS: Metabonomics methods is feasible for differential metabolites analysis,15 differential metabolites were detected in OSCC,OLK patients and healthy people. These findings will contribute to the early screening of oral squamous cell carcinoma . References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of dexmedetomidine on swallowing function of patients undergoing awake intubation in oral and maxillofacial surgery DONG Xiang, LAO Wei, LIU Jin-xing, JI Jun 2021, 30 (2):  206-209.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.02.019 Abstract ( 265 )   PDF (3126KB) ( 194 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the sedative effect of dexmedetomidine in awake intubation and its influence on swallowing function. METHODS: Fifty patients with awake intubation in oral and maxillofacial surgery were randomly divided into two groups: dexmedetomidine(DEX) group and midazolam+fentanyl(MF) group. 15 min before intubation, patients in DEX group were intravenously given 50 mL dexmedetomidine(1.0 μg/kg), and others in MF group were intravenously given 50 mL normal saline respectively. 5 min before intubation, 10 mL normal saline was given to DEX group, 0.02 mg/kg midazolam and 2.0 μg/kg fentanyl were given to MF group. HR, MAP, RR, SpO2, Ramsay sedation score and swallowing time were measured at different time points (before induction-T0, before intubation-T1 and after intubation-T2). SPSS 20.0 software package was used for data analysis. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in HR, RR, MAP, SpO2 and swallowing time between the two groups at T0 time point(P>0.05). Compared with MF group, HR significantly decreased and swallowing time significantly shortened(P<0.05). RR, MAP, SpO2 and Ramsay sedation score had no significant difference (P>0.05) in DEX group at T1 time point. Compared with MF group, HR significantly decreased and Ramsay sedation score significantly increased(P<0.05); RR, MAP and SpO2 had no significant difference (P>0.05) in DEX group at T2 time point. Compared with T0 time, HR significantly decreased and swallowing time significantly prolonged (P<0.05); RR, MAP and SpO2 had no significant difference(P>0.05) in DEX group at T1 time point. Compared with T1 time, Ramsay sedation score decreased with significant difference(P<0.05) at T2 time point. CONCLUSIONS: Dexmedetomidine can provide good sedative effect for patients with awaking intubation without obvious inhibitory effect on swallowing reflex of patients, improving the safety of intubation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical study of modified posterior dental splint in the treatment of anterior disk displacement without reduction of the temporomandibular joint ZHANG Ying, LU Jin-fen, ZHANG Qing-bin 2021, 30 (2):  210-213.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.02.020 Abstract ( 461 )   PDF (2758KB) ( 357 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the clinical effect of modified posterior dental splint in the treatment of anterior disk displacement without reduction of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). METHODS: Eight-nine patients with anterior disk displacement without reduction of the TMJ who were treated in Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University from October 2016 to October 2017 were selected in the study. 47 patients in the first group were treated by modified posterior dental splint, while 42 patients in the second group were treated by stabilization splint. The patients’ pain index, mouth opening degrees were collected before treatment,3 months, 6 months, and 1 year after treatment. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using SPSS 18.0 software package, multivariate test was used to compare the indicators between the two groups. RESULTS: The effect of modified posterior dental splint on treating limited mouth opening was better than those of stabilization splint(P<0.05). In the treatment of joint pain, the two splints had no significant difference(P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Modified posterior dental splint is a new type of splint for the treatment of TMJ disorders. It is suitable for clinical application. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The relationships between different surgical approaches for maxillary sinus augmentation and implant failure and complications: a retrospective cohort study HAO Xin-he, YE hu, ZHAI Qin-kai 2021, 30 (2):  214-218.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.02.021 Abstract ( 1845 )   PDF (4109KB) ( 392 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the 5-year survival and complication rates of implants placed in grafted sinuses with different surgical approaches and analyze the causes for failure. METHODS: This study retrospectively observed the prognosis of patients who underwent maxillary sinus augmentation by means of lateral window technique(LWT) or transalveolar osteotomy technique (TOT) and simultaneously installed implants performed, in Hefei Stomatological Hospital. The primary predictor variables were surgical approaches, including LWT and TOT. The primary outcome measurement was the 5-year implant survival rate, complication rates and failure causes. Potential confounders included diabetes, age at surgery, gender, smoking habit, oral hygiene, tooth position, length and diameter of implants and type of prosthesis. Chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were performed with SPSS 21.0 software package. RESULTS: Fifty-nine patients (31 males and 28 females), installed with 93 implants, with a mean age of (61.3±10.1) years old, were enrolled. Over (5±1.2) years of follow-up, five implants failed, with a total survival rate of 94.6%. In detail, there were 3 failed implants in the LWT group and 2 failed implants in the TOT group, for a survival rate of 85.7% and 97.2%, respectively. Chi-square test showed that smoking habit (χ2=6.662, P=0.010), oral hygiene(χ2=4.352, P=0.037) as well as operative approach(χ2=4.232, P=0.040) were significantly associated with the final survival rates, multivariate logistic regression analysis displayed that smoking habit (OR=0.030, 95%CI: 0.002-0.493, P=0.014) was still associated with the finial survival rates. Surgical approach(χ2=5.000, P=0.025) was markedly related to causes for the failed implants. Of which, three (100%) failed implants in the LWT group was due to poor osseointegration and implant mobility 3 months after sinus augmentation, and 2(100%) in the TOT group was because of persistent peri-implantitis and loss of the graft or alveolar bone 4 years after sinus augmentation. Smoking habit was also significantly relevant to complication rates(χ2=12.433, P=0.014), and the occurrence incidence of controllable peri-implantitis in patient having a smoking habit was relatively higher, accounting for 6.8%(6/88), compared with patients without smoking habit. Significant relationship between surgical approaches and implant complications was not observed(χ2=9.453, P=0.051). CONCLUSIONS: Different surgical approaches for maxillary sinus augmentation do not significantly correlate with implant survival rates and implant complications. However, surgical approach is markedly related to the causes of failed implants. Smoking will lead to a decreased implant survival rate and controllable peri-implantitis. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of digital technology for orthognathic surgery in 25 patients LI Li, SUN Jian, LI Ya-li, CHEN Li-qiang, CHEN Chen, WANG Shuo, WANG Zhi-hao, MENG Kun, SUN Ming, ZHANG Xiu-xiu 2021, 30 (2):  219-224.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2021.02.022 Abstract ( 306 )   PDF (4789KB) ( 346 )   PURPOSE: To use three-dimensional reconstruction measurement, preoperative diagnosis, surgical design, surgical simulation, guide plate production, navigation verification and effect evaluation of orthognathic surgery assisted by digital technology, in order to explore more scientific and reasonable programs and procedures of orthognathic surgery. METHODS: Twenty-five patients with congenital dental and maxillofacial deformity were selected as the experimental subjects, craniofacial spiral CT was conducted before surgery and CT data were imported into Mimics 20.0 software to establish a 3D head digital model. The bone landmarks in three-dimensional reconstruction digital model were selected, measured, analyzed and diagnosed, and the design of the surgical plan and the production of the guide plates were performed. Surgical navigation system was used to confirm the maxillary position, verify the bone retention and guide precise bone grinding during operation. Craniofacial spiral CT was conducted 1 week after surgery for postoperative validation of the surgical design protocol. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 24.0 software package. RESULTS: All 25 patients were operated according to the digital orthognathic surgery design and procedure.There were no significant differences in X, Y and Z three-dimensional directions in 10 actual landmarks between the postoperative actual head model and the preoperative predictive head model（P>0.05）. CONCLUSIONS: Orthognathic surgery assisted by digital technology has the advantages of precision and minimal invasiveness. References | Related Articles | Metrics