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25 June 2017, Volume 26 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Comparative evaluation of marginal microleakage of three different resins in Class V composite restorations ZHU Zheng, ZHU Ya-qin 2017, 26 (3):  241-245.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2017.03.001 Abstract ( 510 )   PDF (718KB) ( 309 )   PURPOSE: To compare and evaluate microleakage at the occlusal wall and cervical wall in Class V cavities restored with Ivoclar Tetric N Ceram Bulk Fill composite, Tetric N Flow composite and N Ceram nanocomposite. METHODS: Sixty-six extracted human maxillary premolars, which were intact and healthy, were randomly assigned into 3 groups (n=22). Standardized Class V cavities were prepared on the buccal surface of maxillary premolars. The occlusal walls of the cavities were located on the enamel and the cervical walls were located on dentin and cementum. After etching and application of the same bonding agents, the cavities were restored with different composite materials. Group A: Tetric N Ceram nano-hybrid composite , Group B: Tetric N Flow nano-hybrid composite, Group C: Tetric N Ceram Bulk Fill nano-hybrid composite. After curing with soft-start mode, finishing and polishing, the specimens were subjected to thermocycling. The specimens were coated with nail varnish, and immersed in 2% methylene blue solution for 7 days. The teeth were then sectioned longitudinally. Two of the samples chosen randomly from each group were evaluated under scanning electron microscope. Dye penetration of the remaining samples was examined with a stereomicroscope (×40) and scored separately for occlusal and gingival aspect on a 0-3 ordinal scale. The leakage depth was measured with Spot Advanced version 4.6 software package. The data were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon test using SPSS 17.0 software package. RESULTS: Tetric Bulk Fill had significantly less microleakage at the cervical margins than other groups (P<0.05). There was no significant difference at the occlusal margin (P>0.05) between the three groups. There was significant difference between the enamel and cervical wall microleakage (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: With the limitations of this study, Tetric Bulk Fill provided the least microleakage at the cervical wall among the three groups. There was no significant difference at the occlusal margin. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cytocompatibility of Co-Cr ceramic alloys after recasting LIN Hong-lei, JIANG Lei, ZHANG Chang-yuan, LIN Dong-hong, CHENG Hui 2017, 26 (3):  246-250.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2017.03.002 Abstract ( 230 )   PDF (815KB) ( 196 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the cytocompatibility of Co-Cr ceramic alloys after recasting. METHODS: Cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) ceramic alloys were recasted for 1~3 times. Samples of Co-Cr ceramic alloys were immersed in DMEM culture medium. The concentration of ions of leaching liquor was determined by ICP-MS total quantization method. L-929 cells were cultured with leaching liquor, flow cytometry was used to test cell cycle progression, Annexin-V-FITC/PI apoptosis staining kit was used to quantitatively detect cell death patterns. SPSS 13.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: After casting for 1~3 times, no significant increase in the concentration of ions of Co-Cr ceramic alloys was noted (P>0.05) except Ga (P<0.05) . No significant differences in L-929 cell cycle were found in Co-Cr ceramic alloys between the samples cast for 1 time and for 2~3 times (P>0.05). No significant difference in the rates of apoptosis and necrosis was found (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The biocompatibility of Co-Cr ceramic alloys casted for 1~3 times is not changed. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Influences of destroyed apical constriction on the accuracy of PropexII electronic apex locator HU Yu-feng, JIN Wen-zhong 2017, 26 (3):  251-253.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2017.03.003 Abstract ( 295 )   PDF (472KB) ( 269 )   PURPOSE: To study the correlation between apical foramen area and accuracy of PropexII electronic apex locator under destroyed apical constriction. METHODS: Forty extracted teeth with single straight root canal were ground down 1 mm in the root tip and placed in 2% liquid agar gel injected into Castro model. The length of root canal was measured by PropexII electronic apex locator. The difference (ΔL) between the electronic length (LP) and actual length (L) was calculated. Imaging of apical foramen was recorded under microscope and apical foramen area (S) was measured by image processing software Photoshop CS. SPSS 22.0 software package was used to analyze the linear correlation and regression. RESULTS: With ±0.5 mm as the allowable range, all value of ΔL was positive. The precise rate of PropexⅡ was 52.5% when apical constriction was destroyed. There was a linear relationship between S and ΔL (S=0.04+0.11×ΔL,R=0.903）. CONCLUSIONS: The accuracy decreases when apical constriction is destroyed. The accuracy is worse when the apical foramen area is larger. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of fluoride on expression of survivin during rats' dental germ development ZHONG Cui-cui, TIAN Jian-gang, HUANG Rui-zhe, QI Hong, DENG Zhuan-yun 2017, 26 (3):  254-257.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2017.03.004 Abstract ( 261 )   PDF (1356KB) ( 225 )   PURPOSE: This study was to investigate the expression of survivin in dental germ development of SD rats with fluorosis, and explore the effects of fluoride on survivin expression and the pathogenic mechanism of dental fluorosis. METHODS: Forty-five SD rats (pregnant for 10 days) were randomly divided into control group, experimental group 1 and group 2. Drinking water with fluoride concentration of 0, 50, 150 mg/L was provided for rats accordingly. The samples were collected at E18.5th day, E20.5th day, P1.5th day, P3.5th day and P5.5th day, then the samples of P1.5th day were selected for H-E staining. SABC method was used for immunohistochemical analysis of samples in each group. The images were acquired by Motic Med 6.0 digital medical image analysis system, and the data were analyzed for ANOVA with SPSS 13.0 software package. RESULTS: Survivin expression fluctuated and exhibited 'M' shape (rose first and fell later) in each group.There was no significant difference at E18.5th day (F=1.050, P>0.05) and E20.5th day (F=2.232, P>0.05) between each group. There were significant differences at P1.5th day (F=3.538, P<0.05), P 3.5th day (F=3.820, P<0.05) and P5.5th day (F=5.096, P<0.05) between the control and experimental groups. The postnatal rats in each group were evaluated by SNK method for surviving expression. There was no significant difference between control group and experimental group 1 (P>0.05). However, there was significant difference between control group and experimental group 2 (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that fluoride can decrease the expression of survivin in the postnatal rats with higher fluoride concentration, which may be the mechanism in the development of dental fluorosis. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Hypoxia regulates the expression of OPG/RANKL mRNA in rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells SHI Xin-lian, HU Bi-bo, REN Man-man, YU Wen-bin, DENG Hui 2017, 26 (3):  258-262.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2017.03.005 Abstract ( 241 )   PDF (737KB) ( 214 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of hypoxia on the expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) mRNA in rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs). METHODS: rBMSCs were isolated and cultured by whole bone marrow cell adherent method, and an optimal hypoxic preconditioning model was established with CoCl2 (cobalt chloride). rBMSCs were incubated in cell culture mediums with different concentrations of CoCl2 (final concentrations of CoCl2 were 0, 50, 100, 200, 400 μmol/L) and incubated for different times. MTT assay was applied to detect the effect of CoCl2 on cell proliferation. mRNA and protein expression of HIF-1α of rBMSCs was detected by real-time PCR and Western blot. After treated with 100 μmol/L CoCl2 for 0, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 h, the expression of rBMSCs OPG/RANKL mRNA were detected by real-time PCR. The differences in distribution of each genotype were analyzed with SPSS 18.0 software package. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, 200, 400 μmol/L CoCl2 inhibited the proliferation of rBMSCs (P<0.05). However, 50, 100 μmol/L CoCl2 had no significant impact on the proliferation of rBMSCs (P>0.05). Real-time PCR and Western blot showed that HIF-1α expression in 50 μmol/L and 100 μmol/L CoCl2 groups was significantly higher than the control group; the effect of 100 μmol/L CoCl2 was significantly greater than 50 μmol/L CoCl2. After cultivated in hypoxia condition for 12 h, the expression of OPG and RANKL mRNA in rBMSCs didn't change significantly (P>0.05). After cultured hypoxia condition for 24, 48, 72, 96 h, the expression of OPG mRNA in rBMSCs increased while the RANKL decreased, thus the ratio of OPG/RANKL increased and the difference was significant References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of lipopolysaccharides from Porphyromonas endodontalis on the expression of MIP-1α in mouse osteoblasts YU Ya-qiong, LI Xiao-lin, QIU Li-hong, GUO Jia-jie, YANG Di, GUO Yan 2017, 26 (3):  263-267.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2017.03.006 Abstract ( 238 )   PDF (600KB) ( 193 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of lipopolysaccharides(LPS) extracted from Porphyromonas endodontalis(P.e) on the expression of macrophageinflammatoryprotein-1α (MIP-1α) mRNA and protein levels in MC3T3-E1 cells and the influence of curcumin in the process. METHODS: MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with 20 mg/L P.e-LPS for different times (0-48 h). The expression of MIP-1α mRNA and protein was detected by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). MC3T3-E1 cells were pretreated with inhibitor of (curcumin) for 1 h, and then treated with 20 mg/L P.e-LPS. The expression of MIP-1α was also detected by real-time RT-PCR and ELISA.Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and Dunnett's t test with SPSS 13.0 software package. RESULTS: In the observation time (0~48 h), the impact of 20 P.e-LPS mg/L on induction of MIP-1α in MC3T3-El cells exhibited a time-dependent manner. The expression of MIP-1α mRNA and protein decreased significantly after pretreatment with 10 μmol/L curcumin for 1 h. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that P.e-LPS may mediate MIP-1α expression in MC3T3-E1 cells, and curcumin has a significant inhibitory effect on this process. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of the efficacy of two kinds of NiTi retreatment instruments for removing filling material during root canal retreatment LI Jin-heng, WU Tian-tian, HE hong, HAN Jun-li 2017, 26 (3):  268-271.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2017.03.007 Abstract ( 380 )   PDF (856KB) ( 244 )   PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy of Mtwo R and Reciproc with that of hand files in removing filling material during root canal retreatment. METHODS: The root canals of forty-five human extracted mandibular central incisors were cleaned and shaped to a size 40 and filled with gutta-percha and sealer using a lateral compaction technique. The teeth were divided into 3 groups. The filling material was removed with hand files, Mtwo R and Reciproc, respectively. The debris extruded out of the apical foramen was collected and weighted. The working time was recorded. Then the teeth were split longitudinally, observed under microscope, and evaluated. The data were statistically analyzed with SPSS 13.0 software package. RESULTS: There was no significant difference among 3 groups for debris extrusion (P>0.05). Removal of filling material with Mtwo R and Reciproc consumed less time (P<0.05). CONCLUTIONS: NiTi retreatment instruments can not remove all filling material during root canal retreatment, but can reduce working time. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of sevoflurane on the migration of vascular endothelial cells SUN Yuan-qing, LIANG Bing, ZHANG Lei, XU Hui 2017, 26 (3):  272-276.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2017.03.008 Abstract ( 263 )   PDF (1085KB) ( 222 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of sevoflurane on cell migration and expression of VE-cadherin mRNA in human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs). METHODS: HUVECs were allocated to 4 groups randomly (each group contained 4 culture dishes with a diameter of 10 cm), and were exposed to 2% sevoflurane (refer to 1.6 MAC) respectively for 0 h (control group which exposed to the same environment as the other 3 groups but without sevoflurane), 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h. After sevoflurane exposure, HUVECs were subjected to scratch assay to observe the migration distance; RT-PCR was used to detect the expression of vascular endothelial-cadherin mRNA(VE-cadherin mRNA). Statistical analysis of the data was conducted using SPSS 13.0 software package. RESULTS: Scratch assay results suggested that the migration ability of HUVECs exposed to 2% sevoflurane for 2 h were significantly inhibited during 12 h after scratch compared with the control group(P<0.01), and RT-PCR results suggested that HUVECs exposed to 2% sevoflurane for 2 h expressed greater VE-cadherin mRNA than the control group(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Sevoflurane exposure for 2 h can inhibit HUVECs migration and the mechanism may be up-regulating VE-cadherin expression. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Osteogenic development in vivo and osteogenic differentiation in vitro of mouse maxillary primordium mesenchymal cells: a comparative study ZHENG Jun, WANG Lei, MU Dong-liang, DU Yu-fang, LIU Li-jia, ZHENG Jie 2017, 26 (3):  277-280.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2017.03.009 Abstract ( 188 )   PDF (877KB) ( 247 )   PURPOSE: To compare the differences between the osteogenic development in vivo and osteogenic differentiation in vitro of mouse maxillary primordium mesenchymal cells (MPMCs). METHODS: E10.5 and E17.5 mouse MPMCs were cultured in vitro to observe cell morphology. E10.5 primary MPMCs, after culturing in vitro for 3 days, were cultured in osteogenic differentiation in vitro for another 7 days. Then immunofluorescence and qPCR were used to compare the difference of osteogenic differentiation with E17.5 primary MPMCs cultured in vitro for 3 days. SPSS 20.0 software package was used for independent samples t test. RESULTS: E10.5 and E17.5 mouse MPMCs adhered to dish when cultured in vitro, and the cells exhibited polygonal or oval shape. The proliferation of E17.5 mouse MPMCs was faster than that of E10.5 MPMCs. After 7 days of osteogenic induction, the expression of Runx2 and OCN proteins, two osteogenic markers, in E10.5 mouse MPMCs was similar to E17.5 cells without osteogenic induction. The mRNA expression of Runx2, OCN and OPN also showed similar expression patterns, and there was no significant difference in the calcium nodules formation between E10.5 MPMCs and E17.5 MPMCs. CONCLUSIONS: In vitro osteogenic induction of E10.5 mouse MPMCs can mimic osteogenic development process of MPMCs in vivo, and provide a suitable cell model for the study of jaw development. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical effect of modified alveolar cleft repair with bone grafting WU Ye, XIE Fu-ping, LIU Huan-huan, NIU Gang, CHEN Jia-min, LIN Li-song 2017, 26 (3):  281-284.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2017.03.010 Abstract ( 280 )   PDF (1274KB) ( 257 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical effect of improved alveolar cleft repair with bone grafting. METHODS: Forty one cases with alveolar cleft treated by modified operation between 2008-2016 were included. The modified techniques were as follow: incision design, preparation of bone graft bed, bone removal and bone grafting, etc. The therapeutic effect was analyzed. RESULTS: The successful rate was 92.8%. After 6-12 months of follow-up, bone graft survived well with no obvious complications. CONCLUSIONS: Iliac bone is a good source for bone graft. Improvement of tight tension-free suture in bone bed is the key to surgical success. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Detection of Dickkopf-1 and alkaline phosphatase activity in gingival crevicular fluid from chronic periodontitis with Er: YAG laser as an adjunctive treatment WU Kai-yue, XU Chun-jiao, CHI Yu-tan, SUN Xiao-juan, WANG Hong-feng, WANG Miao-miao 2017, 26 (3):  285-289.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2017.03.011 Abstract ( 320 )   PDF (642KB) ( 311 )   PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy and the level of DKK1 and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) while taking Er:YAG laser as an adjunctive to scaling and root planning in the treatment of chronic periodontitis (CP). METHODS: Eleven patients with CP were included and there were nineteen pairs of homonym teeth(thirty-eight teeth) in this split-mouth design, and they were randomly assigned to experimental group or control group. In the experimental group, a combination of ultrasonic subgingigval scaling and root planning with hand instrument (SRP) were performed with Er: YAG laser as an adjunctive; in the control group, only SRP was performed. The main variables were bleeding index (BI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL) which were assessed at baseline (1 week after ultrasonic subgingival scaling), l month and 3 months after treatment. GCF was collected at baseline, l week, l month and 3 months, and the levels of DKK1 and ALP activity were detected at the same time point. The data were analyzed with SPSS 19.0 software package. RESULTS: Both groups showed significant reduction of PD, CAL, BI values 1 month and 3months after treatment, but no significant difference in clinical parameters were found between the two groups. In the experimental group, the activity of ALP reduced to (386.69±146.42), (341.221±171.62), (249.27±98.72) from (396.191±150.55) U/L and the level of DKK1 dropped to (310.34±184.68), (270.04±55.14), (247.31±56.99) from (307.12±45.63) μg/L at the end of 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, respectively. Meanwhile, in the control group, the activity of ALP reduced to (374.72±131.27), (344.42±127.80), (252.36±90.4 ) from (394.09±120.25) U/L and the level of DKK1 dropped to (310.34±84.68), (270.04±55.14), (247.31±56.99) from (305.33±147.40) μg/L at the end of l week, l month, 3months, respectively. There is no significant difference between the two groups at any period for ALP or DKK1. CONCLUSIONS: Er:YAG laser was a safe no-surgical adjunctive therapy in treating chronic periodontitis, further observation is needed to determine its long-term effectiveness. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical study of simultaneous implantation in maxillary molar area after bone graft in patients with residual alveolar bone height<3 mm DAI Xiao-feng, BAO Li, YU You-cheng, SHI Le 2017, 26 (3):  290-292.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2017.03.012 Abstract ( 452 )   PDF (573KB) ( 319 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical effect of maxillary sinus floor elevation and simultaneous implant in patients with residual alveolar bone height <3 mm in the posterior maxillary sinus area. METHODS: From April 1, 2012 to December 31, 2015, 56 patients with lost maxillary posterior teeth and residual alveolar bone height <3 mm were enrolled in this study. During operation, maxillary sinus floor elevation was performed and implants were placed simultaneously. Patients were followed up for 3, 6 and 12 months (range: 6-12 months) to analyze and evaluate the postoperative healing effect. RESULTS: A total of 52 implants were placed in 38 patients. During the follow-up period, all patients had good osterintegration of the implants and the surrounding bony tissues. Efficient mastication was obtained. The color and shape of gingiva returned to normal. No complications occurred. The surgical success rate was 100%. CONCLUSIONS: For patients with residual alveolar bone height <3 mm, maxillary sinus floor elevation and simultaneous implant in patients can also obtain good therapeutic effect. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of free dental filling interventions on early childhood primary tooth caries in Shanghai Jiading district DONG Hua, ZHANG Shu-yu, LI Yue-ling 2017, 26 (3):  293-296.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2017.03.013 Abstract ( 283 )   PDF (497KB) ( 221 )   PURPOSE: To provide scientific basis for the establishment of oral health care polices in Jiading, and to evaluate the effectiveness of a free dental filling intervention conducted for childen in Jiading district. METHODS: Nine hundred and eighteen children of 3-5 year old from two kindergartens with similarities in living environments and economic conditions were enrolled in this study. Children in the intervention group received both oral health examination and free filling of shallow and moderate caries once a year for 3 years, while children in the control group received only oral health examination once a year. The data were analyzed with SPSS 20.0 software package for Chi-square test. RESULTS: Total caries prevalence,mean dft and CSI of the two groups had no significant difference in the first year. There was significant difference between the two groups in caries prevalence, mean dft and CSI (which were 43.90%, 2.86 and 7.34, respectively) after 3 years of the interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Free dental filling intervention programme is effective in early prevention and control of caries. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on clinical efficacy and patients' satisfaction of MTA apical barrier technique in treatment of young permanent teeth with periapical inflammation ZUO Yuan-lin, LI Chao-hui, LIU Wan-jie 2017, 26 (3):  297-301.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2017.03.014 Abstract ( 503 )   PDF (633KB) ( 231 )   PURPOSE: To compare the clinical efficacy of MTA apical barrier technique and Vitapex apexification in treatment of young permanent teeth with periapical inflammation, and to evaluate the satisfaction of patients. METHODS: Seventy-five cases of young permanent teeth with periapical inflammation were randomly divided into control group (n=37) and experimental group (n=38). Patients in the control group were treated with Vitapex apexification, while patients in the experimental group were treated with MTA apical barrier technique. The clinical efficacy of the two groups was compared at 3, 6, 9 months and 1 year after treatment, and the average treatment time and average treatment period were compared between 2 groups. The difference of patients' satisfaction with medical environment, health care service, late health care guidance, treatment cost, treatment period and treatment effect were compared between 2 groups. The clinical efficacy, treatment times and period, satisfaction of 2 groups were recorded and analyzed by using SPSS 19.0 software package. RESULTS: At 3 month and 6 month of revisit, the clinical efficacy of the experimental group was better than the control group, but there was no significant difference between 2 groups (P>0.05). At 9 months and 1 year of revisit, the total efficiency of the experimental group was significantly better than the ontrol group (78.38%∶94.74%, P=0.037;75.68%∶97.37%, P=0.006). The treatment time and treatment period of the experimental group were significantly lower than the control group (P<0.05), the values were (3.24±0.39) times, (0.68±0.23) months and (7.78±0.65) times, (8.24±2.95) months. Patients' satisfaction with medical treatment environment, health care service, late health care guidance and treatment period was not significant different between 2 groups (P>0.05). However, patients' satisfaction with treatment cost and treatment effect in the experimental group was significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: MTA apical barrier technique has better clinical efficacy, less treatment time, shorter treatment period and higher satisfaction than Vitapex apexification. It is suitable for clinical application. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the changes of iron metabolism in patients with recurrent oral ulcer and its relationship with cellular immune function LAN Yu-lian, TANG Liang, CUI Ri-lin 2017, 26 (3):  302-304.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2017.03.015 Abstract ( 298 )   PDF (409KB) ( 343 )   PURPOSE: To study the relationship between abnormal iron metabolism and cellular immune dysfunction and recurrent oral ulcer. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis of serum iron, ferritin and cellular immune function in 100 patients with recurrent oral ulcer and 100 healthy cases as control were performed. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the relationship between serum ferritin and cellular immunity and recurrent oral ulcer using SPSS 19.0 software package. RESULTS: Serum iron, ferritin, CD3+, CD4+ and CD4+/CD8+ concentration significantly decreased in Rou group compared with the control group (P<0.01). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed serum iron, ferritin and CD3+, CD4+ decrease were the independent risk factors for the onset of ROU, whereas CD4+/CD8+ were the protective factors in the pathogenesis of ROU(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Iron deficiency and cellular immune function is closely related to the pathogenesis of ROU. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparative study of functional neck dissection and radical neck dissection for early oral squamous cell carcinoma LI Shao-ming, GAO Ling, REN Wen-hao, XUE Ling-fa, XU Yao-xiang, YUE Jin, ZHI Ke-qian 2017, 26 (3):  305-308.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2017.03.016 Abstract ( 459 )   PDF (475KB) ( 259 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical effects of functional neck dissection(FND) and radical neck dissection(RND) on early oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). METHODS: A total of 63 OSCC patients were divides into 2 groups. Patients in FND group (n=30) underwent functional neck dissection with preservation of sternocleidomastoid muscle, accessory nerve, internal jugular vein and great auricular nerve, while patients in RND group (n=33) underwent radical neck dissection. The follow-up data included movement of shoulder joint, great auricular nerve function, neck shape and local recurrent rate. SPSS 18.0 software package was used for data. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in age, gender, tumor location, T stage, N stage, histologic grades, pathological type, preoperative chemotherapy and postoperative chemotherapy between the two groups(P>0.05). Cervical lymph nodes was not palpable(N0) or the diameter was less than or equal to 3cm(N1) for all patients. Compared to RND, the activities of shoulder joint point, earlobe numbness and neck concave deformity were significantly improved with FND(P<0.05). Patients were followed up for 2 years, no significant difference was observed for neck recurrence between the two groups(P=1.000). CONCLUSIONS: FND can be safely performed in cN0 or cN1 OSCC patients, which avoids major complications with RND, and improves postoperative quality of life for OSCC patients with NO or N1 stage. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The role of food-specific IgG antibody test in diagnosis and treatment of mild recurrent aphthous ulcer DU Yan, XING Yue-lei, JI Lei, YANG Yang, OU Long, LIU Rong-sen, ZHANG Xian-hua 2017, 26 (3):  309-313.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2017.03.017 Abstract ( 176 )   PDF (567KB) ( 168 )   [Abstract PURPOSE: To evaluate the role of food-specific IgG antibody test in the treatment of mild recurrent aphthous ulcer. METHODS: Seven hundred and ninety nine mild recurrent aphthous ulcer patients and 762 normal persons were enrolled in the experimental and control group respectively, based on the criteria for inclusion and exclusion. The blood serum samples of them were obtained to detect food-specific IgG antibody by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The positive rates were then compared by Chi-square test between 2 groups using SPSS 17.0 software package. The experimental group was further analyzed based on age, gender, course, interval period, number of ulcer, allergy history, etc. Food rotation was applied in strong positive patients for food-specific IgG antibody. RESULTS: The positive rate was 45.2% in the experimental group and 40.9% in the control group(P=0.101). The positive rate was significantly higher in young patients (51.3%) and patients with short interval (83.9%). Food rotation could prolong the interval period from 13.00 days to 14.77 days in general but did not reduce the ulcer number significantly. CONCLUSIONS: Food-specific IgG antibody test may be helpful for the treatment of young or frequent patients with mild recurrent aphthous ulcer. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of antimicrobial activity of Er,Cr: YSGG laser and ultrasonic irrigation in root canal disinfection LU Chun-hui, ZHONG Qun 2017, 26 (3):  314-316.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2017.03.018 Abstract ( 329 )   PDF (378KB) ( 317 )   PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the antimicrobial activity of Er,Cr:YSGG laser and ultrasonic irrigation in root canal disinfection. METHODS: Sixty decayed teeth requiring root canal therapy were divided into 3 groups randomly: Er,Cr:YSGG laser group, ultrasonic irrigation group and control group, 20 in each group. The bacteria in each group were incubated and counted before and after root canal treatment. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 19.0 software package. RESULTS: In the 3 groups, the number of bacteria in root canals was reduced significantly after root canal treatment (P<0.05). The number of bacteria in Er,Cr:YSGG laser group and ultrasonic irrigation group decreased significantly greater than the control group (P<0.05), but the Er,Cr:YSGG laser group and ultrasonic irrigation group had no significant difference(P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: After root canal treatment, the number of bacteria in the root canal is obviously reduced. The antimicrobial activity of three intercanal methods on bacteria in root canals is profound. The reduction of bacteria is more obvious after treatment of Er,Cr:YSGG laser and ultrasonic irrigation than the control. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The effect and safety of two techniques of immediate implants on alveolar bone length, soft and hard tissue in the anterior maxillary zone YANG Li, LU Wei-qing 2017, 26 (3):  317-320.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2017.03.019 Abstract ( 339 )   PDF (515KB) ( 216 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the effect and safety of two techniques of immediate implants on the length of alveolar bone as well as the soft and hard tissue in the anterior maxillary zone. METHODS: One hundred and sixty cases of immediate implants in anterior maxillary zone were collected from August 2014 to August 2015 in our hospital. They were randomly and equally divided into flap group (80 cases) and flapless group (80 cases). The former received flap immediate implant while the later received flapless therapy. A 1-year follow-up, comparison on alveolar bone length, soft tissue and complications was carried out and the results were recorded. The data were analyzed with SPSS 17.0 software package. RESULTS: The number of surviving implants with flap was 63 and the survival rate was 97.5%, while the number of the surviving implants in the flapless group was 63 with survival rate being 78.75% (P<0.05). Patients in both groups had pain, bleeding, edema and other complications. The incidence rate of complications of flapless group was 11.25%, 6.25%, 8.75% respectively and the total rate was 26.25% while that of the flap group was 23.75%, 16.25%, 20%, respectively, and the total rate was 60% (P<0.05) .The depth of gingival sulcus between the two groups had no significant difference after treatment (P>0.05). The alveolar bone crest absorption and length decreased after implantation, meanwhile, there was also significant difference between the two groups after implantation (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Immediate dental implantation without flap can reduce the length of the alveolar bone and operative complications and improve the contour and physiological condition of soft and hard tissue more than that with flap. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Curative effects of partial caries removal in permanent molars with deep dental caries ZHANG Qing, OU Yue-jian, ZHANG Ling 2017, 26 (3):  321-323.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2017.03.020 Abstract ( 365 )   PDF (403KB) ( 259 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of incomplete caries removal in permanent molars with deep dental caries. METHODS: One hundred and two permanent molars with deep dental caries were treated with partial caries removal combined with tight resin restoration. The patients were followed up for more than 6 months, the pulp retention rate and subjective feelings were evaluated. RESULTS: Ninety out of 97 teeth had a good filling and pulp vitality, the success rate was 92.8%, and 79.9% patients had less than mild comfort during the treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Partial caries removal can reduce the risk of pulp exposure in deep dental caries of permanent molars and the discomfort during the treatment. The clinical effect is good, which is worthy of wide clinical application. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of oral implant prosthesis in patients with missing teeth and influence on gingival sulcus TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 LUO Rong, LUO Jun, XIA Luo-ying 2017, 26 (3):  324-327.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2017.03.021 Abstract ( 234 )   PDF (545KB) ( 222 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate effects of oral implant prosthesis in patients with missing teeth and influence on gingival sulcus TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8. METHODS: Ninety four cases with tooth missing from October 2014 to October 2016 were divided into 2 groups, with 47 in each group. Patients in the control group were treated with conventional restoration, experimental group were treated with oral implantation. The clinical effects, levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8, gingival state, dental functions, and complications between the two groups were compared. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS8.0 software package. RESULTS: The total effective rate of the experimental group was significantly higher than the control group (95.74% vs 80.85%, P<0.05). TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 of the experimental group was significantly lower than the control group (3.55±0.42) μg/L, (25.90±3.24) μg/L, (69.34±8.65) μg/L vs (4.69±0.58) μg/L, (41.37±5.19) μg/L, (108.72±13.56) μg/L (P<0.05). The gingival state, dental functions of the experimental group were significantly better than the control group, and the complications was significantly less than the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The application of oral implant in dentition missing patients is satisfactory, which can inhibit the expression of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8, reduce local inflammatory response and improve dental function. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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An epidemiological investigation of caries status of the first permanent molars of children aged 7-9 year in Taizhou City ZHONG Xian-mei, JIA Chun-mei, DUAN Yi-feng, YAN Xiao-qin, QIAO Xiao 2017, 26 (3):  328-330.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2017.03.022 Abstract ( 254 )   PDF (360KB) ( 272 )   PURPOSE: To investigate caries prevalence of the first permanent molars of children aged 7-9 years in Taizhou city. METHODS: According to caries diagnostic criteria of WHO, 3653 primary school students in downtown areas of Taizhou city were surveyed; the data were statistically analyzed with SPSS 20.0 software package. RESULTS: The total caries prevalence rate of the first permanent molars was 24.99%. The average decayed-missing-filled (DMFT) teeth were 0.49.The total filling rate was 3.62%. The caries prevalence of the first permanent molars in 7-,8- and 9 year-old children was 15.37%,20.38% and 39.67%, respectively. The caries prevalence of girls was 27.61%, which was significantly higher than boys (21.84%).The caries prevalence (%) rate of the first permanent molars in the mandible was significantly higher than that in the maxilla. CONCLUSIONS: Caries prevalence of the first permanent molars is high in children aged 7-9 years in Taizhou city. Caries prevention and treatment measures should be strengthened for children in order to reduce the incidence of dental caries. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical efficacy and effects of CAD/CAM zirconia all-ceramic crown and metal-ceramic crown restoration on periodontal tissues XU Xin-yi, ZHANG Yin-lian, GENG Fang-hui 2017, 26 (3):  331-335.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2017.03.023 Abstract ( 645 )   PDF (682KB) ( 444 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the clinical efficacy and effects of CAD/CAM zirconia all-ceramic crown, cobalt-chromium alloy and silver-palladium alloy porcelain-fused-to-metal crown restorations on periodontal tissues. METHODS: Forty-nine teeth with crowns in 46 patients were randomly assigned into CAD/CAM zirconia all-ceramic crown group, cobalt-chromium alloy porcelain-fused-to-metal crown group and silver-palladium alloy porcelain-fused-to-metal crown group. The amounts of GCF, TNF-α and IL-6 were analyzed before and 12 months after restorations, and the clinical efficacy was evaluated. RESULTS: Comparing the clinical efficacy within 3 groups, indicators such as color match and the status of gums in CAD/CAM zirconia all-ceramic crown group were significantly better than other 2 groups (P<0.05). The amounts of GCF, TNF-α and IL-6 in CAD/CAM zirconia all-ceramic crown group were also significantly better than other 2 groups (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: CAD/CAM zirconia all-ceramic crown restoration had better clinical efficacy than cobalt-chromium alloy and silver-palladium alloy porcelain-fused-to-metal crown restorations with no apparently damage to periodontal tissues. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Applications of ultrasound-guided superior laryngeal nerve block and cricothyroid membrane puncture in conscious endotracheal intubation WANG Jun-an, SUN Yu, HUANG Yan, JIANG Hong 2017, 26 (3):  336-338.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2017.03.024 Abstract ( 340 )   PDF (396KB) ( 268 )   PURPOSE: To explore the clinical value of ultrasound-guided superior laryngeal nerve block and cricothyroid membrane puncture in conscious endotracheal intubation. METHODS: Thirty ASA classⅠorⅡ patients scheduled for selective surgeries were randomly divided into 2 groups, Group U was ultrasound-guided group (n=15), group A was anatomical location group (n=15). Transnasal tracheal intubation was performed in all patients. In patient of group U, thyrohyoid membrane was shown hyperecho by ultrasound and echoless superior laryngeal artery passed across it. Then local anesthetic was injected into inner side of the artery by ultrasound-guided in-plane technology. The same process was conducted in the contralateral side. The cricothyroid membrane was shown as strong echo by ultrasound and the needle was inserted across the membrane by ultrasound-guided in-plane technology. Local anesthetic was injected for surface anesthesia. In patients of group A, superior horn of thyroid cartilage and horn of hyoid cartilage were identified by palpation of the anatomical structure. Traditional bilateral superior laryngeal nerve block was then performed. Thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage were marked by palpation of the anatomical structure and local anesthetic was then injected through cricothyroid membrane puncture for tracheal surface anesthesia. All patients experienced rapid anesthesia induction after confirmation of the tracheal intubation. The success rate of cricothyroid membrane puncture, rate of bucking and hemodynamic change around the time of tracheal intubation of each group were recorded. SPSS 20.0 software package was applied for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Compared with group A, the success rate of cricothyroid membrane puncture in group U was significantly higher (P<0.05) and the rate of bucking was significantly lower (P<0.05).Compared with group A, HR, SBP and DBP in group U at T1,T2 and T5 had no significant difference (P>0.05), but the amount of increase was significantly smaller at T3 and T4 (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound-guided superior laryngeal nerve block and cricothyroid membrane puncture in conscious endotracheal intubation is a safe and effective way with more advantages. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical effects of micro-implant and traditional anchorage in orthodontic treatments QIAN Yi, ZHOU Hua-jie, WU Jian-hua 2017, 26 (3):  339-342.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2017.03.025 Abstract ( 228 )   PDF (1419KB) ( 260 )   PURPOSE: To analyze the value of micro-implant and traditional anchorage in the treatment of malocclusion. METHODS: From Jan 2015 to Jan 2016, 20 cases with malocclusion were randomly divided into control group(10) and experimental group (10). A comparison was conducted between the control group, in which traditional anchorage was used and the experimental group, in which micro-implant anchorage was adopted. The data were analyzed with SPSS 17.0 software package. RESULTS: There was significant difference of U1-NA, L1-NB, U1-APg, U6-PtPNS between the 2 groups(P<0.05). Adverse reaction was not found in the control group, but 8% in the experimental group(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Micro-implant anchorage can improve overjet relation of the anterior teeth and effect of orthodontic treatment. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects and influential factors of rapid prototyping technology in dental restorations PAN Qiao-ling, YUAN Jia-kan 2017, 26 (3):  343-345.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2017.03.026 Abstract ( 305 )   PDF (399KB) ( 186 )   PURPOSE: To explore the effects and influential factors of rapid prototyping technology in dental restorations. METHODS: From May 2013 to November 2014 in our hospital, 120 patients were divided into experimental group and conventional group. Patients in the experimental group were treated by rapid prototyping technology, while patients in the conventional group were treated by routine methods. The effects of the two groups were compared using SPSS 17.0 software package. RESULTS: The effective rate of the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the conventional group (P<0.05). Complications in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the conventional group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Rapid prototyping technology can be used in the treatment of patients with dentition defects with satisfactory results and fewer adverse reactions. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Dental Nursing

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Effects of pain management on dental implant patients during perioperative period ZHANG Ling-yi, TENG Mei-rong 2017, 26 (3):  346-348.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2017.03.027 Abstract ( 232 )   PDF (441KB) ( 236 )   PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of pain management for dental implant patients during perioperative period, in order to improve nursing care of ambulatory dental implant surgery. METHODS: One hundred patients requiring ambulatory dental implant surgery were randomly divided into management group or control group, several intervention measures of pain management were provided for patients in management group, while only conventional nursing care were taken for patients in control group. The data were analyzed with SPSS 16.0 software package. RESULTS: With the same level of mental strain, patients in management group showed a lower pain rate and higher satisfaction rate, which were significantly different from the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Pain management for dental implant patients during perioperative period can reduce patients' discomfort, improve patients' satisfaction, and facilitate patients' rehabilitation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Dental Education

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An exploration on computerized examination system of dental objective structured clinical examination NIE Rong-rong, ZHU Feng, XIE Si-jing, WU Li, YANG Jie, SUN Wei-bing 2017, 26 (3):  349-352.  doi: 10.19439/j.sjos.2017.03.028 Abstract ( 306 )   PDF (531KB) ( 181 )   PURPOSE：In view of the present problems of clinical skill examination, in order to evaluate the candidate's clinical ability comprehensively and objectively, we constructed and implemented dental objective structured clinical examination system mainly based on computer. METHODS：This system was a multi-station examination which had 3 parts and 8 sites. The stations were composed of a variety of testing methods, including choice questions, auxiliary examinations, case analysis and basic operation skill. RESULTS: By using the computerized dental objective structured clinical examination system, we could smoothly test the ability of stomatological students in a relatively short time. The clinical ability, learning ability and professional quality could be evaluated more objectively in many ways. CONCLUSIONS：This system help students adapt to early examination of medical practitioners, improve students' clinical skills, and is worthy of wide application. References | Related Articles | Metrics