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25 October 2016, Volume 25 Issue 5 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Establishment and assessment of tibial osteoradionecrosis in rats HAN Wei, ZHOU Yong, WU Yi-qun, WANG Zhi-yong, ZHANG Lei, ZOU Duo-hong, ZHANG Kai, WANG Yuan-yin, HE Jia-cai, ZHANG Zhi-yuan 2016, 25 (5):  513-516.  Abstract ( 279 )   HTML ( 5 )   PURPOSE: To establish a rat tibial osteoradionecrosis model and assess the model by observing clinical manifestation and histopathological examinations. METHODS: The right tibia of 6 Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (weighing 200-250 g) was irradiated by a linear accelerator (single fraction 15 Gy, total dose 60 Gy) every second week for four times. Hair and cutaneous changes of the irradiated region were observed one, two, three and four weeks after irradiation, respectively. Histopathological examination was employed to compare the bone tissue between the irradiated region and irradiation-free region. X-ray film was taken to evaluate the bone destruction. SPSS13.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: One week after irradiation, no significant change was observed in the irradiated region. However, the palm of the irradiated limb turned red remarkably in contrast with the opposite one. Two and three weeks after irradiation, trichomadesis was observed in the irradiated region. Four weeks after irradiation, complete trichomadesis and skin ulceration occurred in the irradiated region. In histopathological examinations, hematoxylin-eosin staining showed that bone mass including bone plate thickness, bone marrow cell, bone trabecula decreased significantly in the irradiated region compared with the control side. Moreover, significant bone destruction was found in irradiated group. CONCLUSIONS: We have successfully established a rat tibial model of osteoradionecrosis with radiation at dosage of 60 Gy divided into 4 times. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression and localization of FGFR family in squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck SHI Chao-ji, ZHOU Rong, HAN Yong, TAO Wen-jie, SUN Shu-yang, ZHANG Zhi-yuan 2016, 25 (5):  517-521.  Abstract ( 261 )   HTML ( 3 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the expression and localization of FGFR family in squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck (SCCHN) cell lines. METHODS: Total protein was extracted from 10 SCCHN cell lines and the expression of FGFR was detected by Western blot. The localization of FGFR was further demonstrated by immunofluorescence staining in SCC25 and HN4 cell lines. Gray value was measured by Image J. GraphPad Prism 5.01 software package was used for data processing and analysis. RESULTS: FGFR1 expression was detected in 6/10 cell lines and FGFR2, 3, 4 was detectable in all cell lines. The expression of FGFR1, 2, 4 was mainly in the nucleus and cytoplasm while FGFR3 was predominantly localized in cytoplasm. CONCLUSIONS: FGFR shows co-expression in SCCHN cell lines, which may be associated with the tumorigenesis and development of SCCHN. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of lyophilized on the biological activities of lentiviral vector of bone morphogenetic protein 2 WEI Xiao-ling, LIU Dao-yang, PAN Jie, LU Pei-jun, ZHAO Jun 2016, 25 (5):  522-526.  Abstract ( 199 )   HTML ( 0 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the influence of lyophilization on the biological activity of recombinant lentiviral vectors of bone morphogenetic protein 2(BMP-2). METHODS: Recombinant lenti-BMP-2 was constructed. lenti-BMP-2 was transfected with rat bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) by multiplicity infection (MOI) of 10, 25, 50, 100, 200. The infection efficiency was observed by X-gal staining. Under suitable conditions, the lenti-BMP-2 and 10% trehalose ratio of lyophilized protective agent was mixed into the lyophilization form. Before and after lyophilization, the effect of lenti-BMP-2 on the proliferation of BMSCs was evaluated by MTS assay. The expression of BMP-2 protein in the cells of lyophilized lenti-BMP-2 was detected by ELISA method. The expression of Runx-2, OCN, Col1 and OPN in BMSCs was detected by real-time PCR after transfection of lyophilized lenti-BMP-2. SPSS13.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: X-gal staining showed an MOI of 100 pfu/cell, and stable transfection efficiency. Before and after lyophilization, no significant change was observed in regard to the effect of lyophilized lenti-BMP-2 on BMSCs proliferation (P>0.05). ELISA method showed that BMSCs transfected by lyophilized lenti-BMP-2 could express BMP-2 protein continuously and stably at a high level. Before and after lyophilization, the result of real-time PCR showed that no significant difference in the expression of OPN,Col1,OCN and Runx-2 in BMSCs (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Lyophilized lenti-BMP-2 with trehalose can maintain high activity for a long time as an effective and reliable storage method. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Experimental study of double-root implantation with the aid of template in rabbits XU Hai-yan, ZHANG Qing, FANG Li-hua, YOU Jia 2016, 25 (5):  527-531.  Abstract ( 262 )   HTML ( 0 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility of double-root implantation with the aid of template. METHODS: Implant templates were fabricated based on CT data from the tibia of 12 rabbits. 12 double-root implants were placed in the tibia of rabbits under the guidance of implant templates, and single-root implants were placed in contralateral tibia of the same rabbits. Rabbits were sacrificed at 8 and 12 weeks. Implant mobility was checked directly. Specimens were examined by X-ray to measure bone gray value using Image Pro-Plus6.0 software. Super-rigidity slices were prepared to test bone-implant contact ratio using Image Pro-Plus6.0 software. The data were analyzed with SPSS20.0 software package. RESULTS: The surgical procedures were completed successfully. There was no obvious loosening of implants. No significant difference was found between the experimental and control groups in bone gray value and bone-implant contact ratio at different time(P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The implanting method of double-roots implant with the aid of template is feasible, and osteointegration is ideal. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of root canal isthmus debridement efficacy of Er:YAG laser in combination with sodium hypochlorite ZHOU Meng-qi, WANG Hao-ming, XIAO Jia-qi, HONG Jin 2016, 25 (5):  532-537.  Abstract ( 194 )   HTML ( 6 )   PURPOSE: To histologically evaluate the efficacy of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) in combination with Er:YAG (erbium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet) laser in dissolving necrotic tissue and cleaning root canals as well as canal isthmuses. METHODS: After scanned by cone-beam CT (CBCT), 50 well-prepared premolars with root canal isthmuses were selected and randomly assigned into 5 groups. They were subsequently subjected to different regimens as followed: group A-irrigated with 1% NaClO for 1 minute, group B- irradiated by Er:YAG laser at 0.5 W combined with 1% NaClO irrigation for 1 minute, group C- irradiated by Er:YAG laser at 1.0 W combined with 1% NaClO irrigation for 1 minute, group D- irradiated by Er:YAG laser at 2.0 W combined with 1% NaClO irrigation for 1 minute,group E- negative control. After histological preparation and staining, the cross-sections were evaluated for percentage of tissue removal from root canals and isthmuses. The cleanliness values were calculated using SPSS 13.0 software package. RESULTS: The mean percentage of root canals in group A, B, C and D was 95.24%, 96.53%、97.63% and 98.22%, respectively, and the mean percentage of isthmuses was 16.50%, 51.48%, 52.56% and 53.83%, respectively. The mean percentage of root canal and isthmus cleanliness values were significantly higher in group B, C and D (P<0.05) than that in group A. There was no significant differences of root canal and isthmus cleanliness among group B, C and D. CONCLUSIONS: Er:YAG laser combined with 1% NaClO irrigation may be used effectively in root canal and root canal isthmus cleanliness as a new method. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Roles of curcumin combined with paclitaxel on growth inhibition and apoptosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line CAL27 in vitro LIU Min, ZHANG Jun, LI Jun-fu, WANG Xu-xia 2016, 25 (5):  538-541.  Abstract ( 207 )   HTML ( 6 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of curcumin and paclitaxel on proliferation and apoptosis of human oral squamous carcinoma cell line CAL27. METHODS: CAL27 cells were cultured and treated with different concentrations of curcumin and paclitaxel separately or in combination for 24, 48 and 72 h. The cell proliferation was evaluated by MTT assay, and cell apoptosis was detected by Tunel staining. Expression of Bcl-2, Bax, and active caspase-3 were analyzed by Western blot. The data were analyzed with SPSS 11.0 software package. RESULTS: Compared with the effects of curcumin or paclitaxel, combined treatment of both drugs significantly inhibited cell growth, induced cell apoptosis, decreased the expression of Bcl-2 and the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax, and increased the expression of Bax and active caspase-3 in CAL 27 cells. CONCLUSIONS: Combined treatment of Curcumin and Paclitaxel significantly inhibits cell growth and mediated cell apoptosis compared with that of either single drug. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The effect of C-SiO2 composite films on corrosion resistance of dental Co-Cr alloy HUANG Yi, HU Jing-yu, LIU Yu-pu, ZHAO Dong-yuan, YU You-cheng, BI Wei 2016, 25 (5):  542-547.  Abstract ( 154 )   HTML ( 0 )   PURPOSE: To study the effect of carbon-silica composite films on corrosion resistance of Co-Cr alloy in simulated oral environment and provide evidences for clinical application of this new material. METHODS: Co-Cr alloy specimens were cut into appropriate size of 20 mm × 20 mm × 0.5 mm. Then, the carbon-silica composite films were spin-coated onto the specimens. Subsequently, ICP-AES was used to observe the Co, Cr, Mo ion concentrations. Finally, Tafel polarization curves of the specimens were used to measure the electrochemical corrosion resistance by electrochemical workstation. SAS8.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The results of ICP-AES showed that the ion concentrations of Co, Cr, Mo of specimens coated with composite films in the testing liquid were significantly smaller than that of Co-Cr alloy specimens. Tafel polarization curves showed that in the specimens coated with composite films, the corrosion potential moved in the positive direction and increased from -0.261 V to -0.13 V. At the same time, the corrosion current density decreased from -5.0017μA/cm2 to -5.3006 μA/cm2. CONCLUSIONS: Carbon-silica composite films (silica=61.71wt %) can reduce the release of metal ions significantly and improve the corrosion resistance of Co-Cr alloys effectively. Carbon-silica composite films may be a promising dental material. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of MMPs inhibitors on microleakage with wet bonding technique ZHAO Cong, CHI Shuang, LI Tong, LI He, LI Tian-bo, ZHANG Zhi-min 2016, 25 (5):  548-552.  Abstract ( 146 )   HTML ( 3 )   PURPOSE: To observe the effects of matrix metalloproteinasesMMPs inhibitors on microleakage with wet bonding technique. METHODS: Twenty-seven premolars were randomly assigned to 3 groups. Class Ⅴ cavities were prepared in the neck of the teeth and treated with distilled water, 2% chlorhexidine CHX or 2% monocycline MI for 60 seconds. Resin was used to restore the prepared cavities following application of luting agent. Samples in each group were soaked for 1 h with 10% NaClO and then 2 layers of nail polish were applied, followed by treatment with 50wt% ammoniated silver nitrate ASN, and developing solution in turn. Each tooth was sectioned longitudinally to 1~2 mm slices and examined with stereo microscope and scanning electron microscope SEM. The data were analyzed with SPSS 16.0 software package for Wilcoxon rank sum test. RESULTS: There was varied microleakage at the margin. The difference was significant between group CHX and control group, between group MI and control group; However, there was no significant difference between group CHX and group MI. CONCLUSIONS: MMPs inhibitor can reduce microleakage with wet bonding technique. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects and mechanisms of Egr-1 on inflammatory responses induced by mechanical stress in human periodontal ligament cells HU Hai-yan, GAO Zhi-biao 2016, 25 (5):  553-559.  Abstract ( 137 )   HTML ( 0 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the effects and mechanisms of silencing Egr-1 on MS-mediated secretion and expression of inflammatory cytokines in hPDLs. METHODS: The secretion and expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-11 were detected using ELISA and RT-PCR when cells were cultured with or without various duration (6, 12, 24 and 48 h) and force (3%, 6%, 12%, 15%) of mechanica stress (MS). RT-PCR and Western blotting were used to evaluate the expression of Egr-1 under a 12% MS for 24 h. The roles of silencing Egr-1 in MS-mediated expression of inflammatory cytokines were determined using ELISA and RT-PCR. The protein levels of PTEN/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway were determined using Western blotting. Moreover, cells were pretreated with 20 μmol/L LY294002 for 30 min, in order to study the mechanisms of Egr-1 in MS-mediated secretion and expression of inflammatory cytokines. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 11.0 software package. RESULTS: The secretion and expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-11 were increased gradually with the time under a MS force of 12% in hPDLs, and peaked in cells after exposure to MS for 24 h. The mRNA and protein levels of Egr-1 were elevated in hPDLs after exposure to 12% MS for 24 h. Moreover, depletion of Egr-1 inhibited MS-mediated secretion and expression of inflammatory cytokines. Knockdown of Egr-1 reduced the protein level of PTEN, and increased the protein expression of p-PI3K and p-Akt in hPDLs. LY294002 blocked partially the inhibitory roles of Egr-1 in the secretion and expression of inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSIONS: Depletion of Egr-1 suppressed the secretion and expression of inflammatory cytokines induced by MS through PTEN/PI3K/Akt pathway. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study of dental apex sealing effects after post space QU Zhen-zhen, LI Xiao-guang, WANG Qing 2016, 25 (5):  560-565.  Abstract ( 271 )   HTML ( 2 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the sealing ability of three different lengths of root canal fillings after post space and two different obturation techniques by using a glucose leakage test, and provide theoretical basis for clinical selection of best collocation of root canal filling methods and residual root canal filling materials. METHODS: One hundred and thirty-two extracted single-root teeth were randomly divided into 6 experimental groups(n=20 each), positive(n=6)and negative controls(n=6). After root canal preparation, different treatments were performed in different groups. Group A: lateral compaction and 4 mm length of root canal fillings after post space. Group B: lateral compaction and 6 mm length of root canal fillings after post space. Group C: lateral compaction and 8 mm length of root canal fillings after post space. Group D: warm gutta vertical compaction and 4 mm length of root canal fillings after post space. Group E: warm gutta vertical compaction and 6 mm length of root canal fillings after post space. Group F: warm gutta vertical compaction and 8 mm length of root canal fillings after post space. Group G: random root canal filling. Group H: no root canal filling. A glucose leakage model was used for quantitative evaluation of the coronal to apical microleakage. SPSS 19.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Lateral compaction showed significantly more leakage than warm gutta vertical compaction at all observation times, regardless of the length of the root canal fillings. The shorter the length of root canal fillings after post space, the worse the effect of the apical sealing for the same filling method. There was significant difference between 4 mm and 6 mm (P<0.05), but no significant difference between 8 mm and 6 mm (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Warm vertical compaction shows a better sealing result than cold lateral compaction of gutta-percha. The shorter the length of root canal fillings after post space, the worse the effect of the apical sealing. 6 mm may be the proper residual root filling material length after post space preparation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A qualitative research on impact factors for the effectiveness of pit and fissure sealing in Xi'an city LI Jun, WANG Lei, SHEN Yuan, WANG Yan-bo, ZHANG Song-jie, LI Gang, GAO Jian-ming 2016, 25 (5):  566-569.  Abstract ( 177 )   HTML ( 0 )   PURPOSE: To explore the factors influencing the effectiveness of pit and fissures sealing in order to provide suggestions to policy makers for quality promotion of pit and fissure program. METHODS: After developing outline of the qualitative interview, the method of focus group discussion was applied in this study. A total of 32 persons including dental clinical experts, dentists who operated pit and fissure sealing and program managers were interviewed. The data was collected, marked and classified by using MAXqda software. RESULTS: The main factors influencing the effectiveness of pit and fissure sealing in Xi'an city were the service providers, the service needers and the management of external organization. CONCLUSIONS: In order to promote the preventive effect of pit and fissure sealing, attention should be paid to increase investment from the government, promote school-based program mode, strengthen the supervision of designated medical institutions and the external management. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Mandibular manipulation technique followed by exercise therapy and occlusal splint for treatment of acute anterior TMJ disk displacement without reduction JIANG Xin, FAN Shuai, CAI Bin, FANG Zhong-yi, XU Li-li, LIU Li-kun 2016, 25 (5):  570-573.  Abstract ( 911 )   HTML ( 29 )   PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the short-term efficiency of mandibular manipulation technique combined with exercise therapy and splint treatment of acute anterior TMJ disc displacement without reduction (ADDW), and TMJ disc-condyle relationship by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS: Forty-four patients (37 females, 7 males) were diagnosed as acute ADDW and confirmed by MRI. All patients underwent mandibular manipulation, combined with exercise therapy, including jaw movement exercise, stabilization exercise, disc reposition exercise, and splint treatment. Anterior repositioning splint was wore only at night during sleep, while the mandible was kept in rest position during the day. The treatment was continued for 2 weeks. The baseline and endpoint outcome assessment measures were maximum active mouth opening, visual analogue scale (VAS) score of TMJ pain. Consecutive MRI was performed 1~3 months after treatment. SPSS 17.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Two weeks after treatment, the patients' maximum active mouth opening increased from(22.6±6.1) mm to (43.9±3.3) mm, VAS score of pain decreased from 3.6±1.5 to 0.7±0.25. After treatment of 4.6±4.7 weeks on average, 20 patients (46%) displayed normal dis-condyle relationship, 16 patients(36%) had displacement with reduction, and 8 patients（18%) had displacement without reduction on MRI. CONCLUSIONS: Mandibular manipulation technique combined with exercise therapy and splint treatment seems to be useful in the treatment of anterior TMJ disc displacement with reduction, which can help to maintain the complete anatomic disc-condyle relationship. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of essential periodontal treatment on serum level of sCD40L and periodontal clinical parameters in patients with moderate to severe periodontitis at high risk of stroke GAO Lei, SUN Xiao-ju, XIE Hong, NAN Shun-hua, XIE Hui-xin 2016, 25 (5):  574-578.  Abstract ( 197 )   HTML ( 5 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of periodontal treatment on patients with moderate to severe periodontitis at high risk of stroke, by detecting the level of serum soluble cell differentiation antigen 40 ligand (sCD40L) before and after periodontal non-surgical treatment. METHODS: Seventy-six patients with moderate to severe periodontitis at high risk of stroke were collected and randomly divided into 2 groups, 40 patients in group A received essential periodontal treatment + routine maintenance therapy, 36 cases in group B only received routine maintenance therapy. Another 36 patients with moderate and severe periodontitis were selected as group C, and received essential periodontal treatment. Bleeding on probing (BOP), periodontal probing depth (PD) and attachment loss (AL) in 6 loci were examined by the same dentists, and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the level of serum sCD40L before treatment and 3 months after treatment. The data were analyzed by SPSS 17.0 software package. RESULTS: Compared with pre-treatment, serum level of sCD40L and periodontal clinical indexes of the three groups decreased. Compared with group B, serum SCD40L in group A significantly decreased(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Periodontal treatment can reduce the serum level of sCD40L in patients with moderate to severe periodontitis at high risk of stroke, and improve the patient's inflammatory state. To a certain extent, periodontal treatment may reduce the risk of high-risk stroke population to develop stroke. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation and clinical observation of Koukuining granules in 50 patients with recurrent aphthous ulcer GAO Meng-shan, LIU Shuai, WANG Ai-wu 2016, 25 (5):  579-582.  Abstract ( 485 )   HTML ( 3 )   PURPOSE: To prepare Koukuining granules and observe its efficiency in the treatment of recurrent aphthas ulce (RAU). METHODS: In accordance with the theories of traditional Chinese medicine, the prescriptions of Koukuining granules were composed of rhizoma coptidis, radix scutellariae and other Chinese herbs, and the preparation procedure was conducted by means of wet granulation technology. One hundred patients with RAU were randomly divided into experimental group and control group equally. Patients in the experimental group took particles orally after a meal, 3 times a day, 1 bag each time, for successive 10 days as one treatment course. The treatment was repeated after 3 days of interval. Patients in the control group took vitamin C, compound vitamin B2, orally for 2 courses. The treatment effect was evaluated. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 11.5 software package. RESULTS: The preparation process was controllable and the quality of the products was stable. The overall effective rate of the experimental group was 88.4% and there was a significant difference compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The preparation of Koukuining granules was feasible with stable quality of final products. Treatment of RAU with the granules was effective and worthy of clinical application. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Partial recovery of thermal sensory functions in skeletal Class Ⅲ patients undergoing orthognathic surgery GU Xin-yu, ZHANG Jing-lu, LV Dong, CHEN Wen-jing 2016, 25 (5):  583-587.  Abstract ( 173 )   HTML ( 1 )   PURPOSE: To clarify whether trigeminal somatosensory function will be changed after orthodontic treatment as well as after orthognathic surgery. METHODS: A series of 20 patients with a mean age of 20.9±1.74 years were recruited. Thermal quantitative sensory tests were conducted before orthodontic treatment (T0), before orthognathic surgery (T1), 2 months after orthognathic surgery (T2), and 6 months after orthognathic surgery (T3). The cold detection threshold (CDT), cold pain threshold (CPT), warm detection threshold (WDT) and heat pain threshold (HPT) were determined. SPSS 16.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: There were significant differences with lower threshold (higher sensitivity) in V2L (P=0.006) and V2R (P=0.017) for WDT at T1 compared to T0. A significantly higher threshold (lower sensitivity) was detected for CDT in V2L (P=0.028) at T1 compared to T0. A significantly higher threshold (lower sensitivity) was detected for HPT in V2R (P=0.028) and V3R (P=0.017) at T1 compared to T0. There were significant differences with higher threshold (lower sensitivity) V3L (P=0.024) for WDT at T3 compared to T0. A significantly lower threshold (higher sensitivity) was detected for CPT in V2R (P=0.036), V3L (P=0.012) and V3R (P=0.044) at T3 compared to T0. There were significant differences with higher threshold (lower sensitivity) in V2L (P=0.009), V2R (P=0.034), V3L (P=0.032) and V3R (P=0.001) for HPT at T3 compared to T0.Numbness was reported most frequently at T2 (93.33%), but this symptom tended to decrease with time (T3-20%).Fisher's exact test showed that there was no significant difference at T2(P=0.303) and T3(P=0.530) between participates who underwent genioplasty or not. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicated that thermal somatosensory function was altered after initial orthodontic treatment and orthognathic surgery. However, partial recovery of thermal sensory function can be expected in the majority of patients. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical efficacy of lauromacrogol combined with pingyangmycin in the treatment of venous malformation: clinical analysis of 120 consecutive cases LIU Li, LIU Dong-xiao, ZHAO Ji-hong, CAI Yu, ZHONG Hao-yan 2016, 25 (5):  588-592.  Abstract ( 346 )   HTML ( 2 )   PURPOSE: To compare the clinical efficacy of pingyangmycin and lauromacrogol combined with pingyangmycin in the treatment of venous malformations (VMs). METHODS: One hundred and twenty patients with VM were randomly divided into lauromacrogol combined with pingyangmycin injection group (experimental group) and pingyangmycin injection group (control group). The appropriate interval between different injection sessions was 2 weeks. After different sessions, the changes of lesions (including size, color, texture) as well as the results of posture test and adverse effects were analyzed by using SPSS11.5 software package. RESULTS: According to the international evaluation criteria for VM, the efficacy of the experimental group was significantly better than the control group after 2~5 sessions (P<0.05). However, after 1 and 6 sessions, there was no significant difference in the efficacy between the experimental group and the control group (P>0.05). In addition, the average sessions required in the experimental group were significantly less than those in the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Compared to the single use of pingyangmycin, lauromacrogol combined with pingyangmycin is more effective for the treatment of VM, with fewer sessions required and no adverse effects. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Accuracy and reproducibility of intraoral scanning in vivo XIE Yi-lun, SHEN Gang 2016, 25 (5):  593-599.  Abstract ( 271 )   HTML ( 10 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the accuracy and reproducibility of intraoral scanning system by comparing linear measurements obtained from conventional models and digital models. METHODS: Both conventional models (control group) and intraoral scanning (experimental group) of 5 volunteers were made. After taking silicon impressions, the volunteers' oral cavities were scanned directly by Trios Ortho (3 Shape) at 8a.m., 13p.m., 18p.m. and repeated for 15 days. The gypsum models were measured by digital caliper and regarded as golden standard. The intraoral scanning files were measured by Simplant software. A well-trained examiner measured them in random order at 8a.m., 13p.m. and 18p.m. The measurements were repeated for 15 times. Datasets obtained from different groups were compared for accuracy via paired t test. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was implemented to compare differences within experimental groups for reproducibility using SAS 11.0 software package. RESULTS: There was a significant linear difference between gypsum model and intraoral scanning digital model in the parameter of 23L from volunteer V1 (P<0.01). In terms of accuracy and reproducibility, no significant difference was found (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The accuracy and reproducibility of intraoral scanning on whole arches are quite acceptable in this in vivo study. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Expression of cytokeratin 19 in the development and progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma TAN Dan, LI Chun-hui, NIE Min-hai. 2016, 25 (5):  600-603.  Abstract ( 274 )   HTML ( 1 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the expression of cytokeratin 19 CK19 in various stages of oral squamous cell carcinoma OSCC, and to explore the relation between CK19 and OSCC. METHODS: Forty-nine specimens including normal oral mucosa, epithelial hyperplasia, epithelial dysplasia, and oral squamous carcinoma were investigated. The expression of CK19 was detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. The serum of OSCC patients and healthy people was collected and CYFRA21-1 level was determined by ELISA. SPSS17.0 software package was used for data elevated. RESULTS: CK19 was detectable in suprabasal cell layers in epithelia dysplasia and in oral cancer, especially in poorly-differentiated cancerous cells. With epithelia dysplasia becoming worse, the positive rate and the intensity of CKI9 raised significantly. CYKA21-1 in OSCC was significantly higher than that in normal control groupP< 0.01. CONCLUSIONS: CK19 overexpression is an early event in the process of oral mucosal canceration. Its abnormal expression can be used as one of the reliable indexes of early diagnosis of OSCC. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Dental Nursing

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Identification of the scope of practice for dental nurses with Delphi method LI Yu-hong, LU Yue-cen, HUANG Yao, RUAN Hong, WU Zheng-yi 2016, 25 (5):  604-608.  Abstract ( 178 )   HTML ( 2 )   PURPOSE: To identify the practice scope of dental nurses under the new situations. METHODS: The draft of scope of practice for dental nurses was based on theoretical analysis, literature review and consultation of advisory panel, and the final scope of practice for dental nurses was established by using the Delphi method. Statistical analysis was implemented using coefficient of variation, Kendall W with SPSS 17.0 software package. RESULTS: Thirty experts were consulted twice by using the Delphi method. The effective rates of two rounds of questionnaire were 100% and 73.3%, respectively. The authority coefficient was 0.837, and the P value of expert coordination coefficients W was less than 0.05. There were totally 116 suggestions from the experts, and 96 were accepted. The scope of practice for dental nurses was finally established, including 4 primary indexes and 25 secondary indexes. CONCLUSIONS: The scope of practice for dental nurses under the new situations is established in China through scientific methods. It is favorable for position management of dental nurses and may promote the development of nurse specialists in dental clinic. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Clinical Reports

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Study of the effect of fluoride removal agent and microabrasion technology in LED teeth whitening of dental fluorosis JIA Yan, ZHANG Rong, LUO Hong-xia, LI Ping, ZHANG Chun-lei 2016, 25 (5):  609-612.  Abstract ( 316 )   HTML ( 10 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of fluoride removal agent and microabrasion technology in LED teeth whitening of dental fluorosis. METHODS: One hundred and twelve patients with moderate dental fluorosis treated from August 2012 to July 2015 were divided into experimental group and control group according to random number table, with 61 cases in each group. In addition to pretreatment for all patients, patients in the control group were given combined treatment of Beyond LED whitening and fluoride removal agent; while patients in the experimental group were given microabrasion before LED whitening, with the same subsequent treatment process as that in the control group. The whitening effect and tooth sensitivity during whitening were compared between the two groups at the completion of treatment, 1 month and 6 months after treatment. SPSS 19.0 software package was employed for statistical analysis. RESULTS: There were no ineffective or lost patients in 2 groups. The effective rate of whitening for patients in the experimental group at completion of treatment, 1 month and 6 months after treatment was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). There was no case with tooth sensitivity during treatment. There was no significant difference in non-significant sensitivity rate or significant sensitivity rate between the 2 groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Combined treatment with fluoride removal agent and microabrasion technology in LED teeth whitening for dental fluorosis can significantly improve the whitening effect and will not interfered by significantly increased tooth sensitivity. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of minimally invasive extraction and traditional method in the extraction of impacted mandibular third molar XU Fang, ZHANG Hui-xia 2016, 25 (5):  613-616.  Abstract ( 450 )   HTML ( 4 )   PURPOSE: To compare minimally invasive extraction and traditional method in the extraction of impacted mandibular third molar. METHODS: One hundred and sixty patients with impacted mandibular third molar were equally divided into two groups. Patients in the experimental group were treated with minimally invasive extraction, using implant machine and luxator, while patients in the control group were treated with traditional methods including use of orthodox chisel. The operation time, intraoperative and postoperative complications including deformation of extraction sockets, dry socket, limitation of mouth opening, pain and swelling, and fear were observed and compared between the two groups. The data were analyzed with SPSS18.0 software package. RESULTS: The operation time was (17.32±1.01) min in the experimental group, significantly shorter than the control group which was (33.46±1.12）min (P<0.05); significant difference was found in the incidence of root fracture, medium or severe tooth sockets deformation and incidence of psychological fear during operation between the control group and experimental group(P<0.05); the degree of mouth opening after surgery, the incidence of moderate or severe pain after surgery was significantly lower in the experimental than in the control group(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Minimally invasive extraction of mandibular impacted wisdom tooth is better than traditional method, with shorter operation time and less intraoperative and postoperative complications, which should be widely applied in clinic. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Dental Education

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Current status of dental English education in China SUN Jian, ZHENG Jia-wei 2016, 25 (5):  617-620.  Abstract ( 185 )   HTML ( 2 )   [SummaryThe teaching of dental English for undergraduate students plays an important role in dental education. Most dental schools or colleges have set up the course of dental English education in China. However, this course lacks of a unified educational plans, contents and goals based on actual situation of dental students, which does not fully achieve the teaching purpose. This study was aimed to explore the developmental direction of the course of dental English education through comparison among different dental schools or colleges in China, in order to find out the teaching mode of dental English education, and promote the teaching effect and cultivation of international dental talents. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of PBL combined with SP method in during-course practice of endodontics for undergraduate dental students SHAO Li-na, QIU Li-hong, ZHAN Fu- liang, XUE Ming 2016, 25 (5):  621-625.  Abstract ( 163 )   HTML ( 1 )   PURPOSE: To apply problem-based learning (PBL) combined with standardized patients(SP) in during-course practice of endodontics for undergraduate dental students, in order to improve the teaching quality. METHODS: One hundred and four undergraduate dental students of China Medical University School of Stomatology were randomly divided into 2 groups, 52 students in each group. One group were taught with PBL combined with SP while the other group with lecture-based learning (LBL) alone. The teaching effect was measured with examination and questionnaire survey. The data were analyzed by Student's t test using SPSS 11.5 software package. RESULTS: Students in PBL combined with SP group was better than LBL group in case analysis, didactic tests, practical tests and total scores, and there was significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). LBL group was better than PBL combined with SP group in basic theoretical knowledge scores, and there was significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). SP and PBL combined with SP method were welcomed by undergraduate dental students. CONCLUSIONS: The abilities of undergraduate dental students can be improved by PBL combined with SP in different aspects. PBL combined with SP achieves satisfactory teaching effect, and can be applied in during-course practice of endodontics to undergraduate dental students. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Review Article

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Application of robots in stomatology ZHOU Meng-qi, ZHANG Jin-ning, HONG Jin 2016, 25 (5):  626-629.  Abstract ( 370 )   HTML ( 11 )   [SummaryRecently, the robot technology has been developed rapidly and the medical robot has been used in many clinical areas, especially in the field of stomatology. The application of robot in stomatology will break the traditional mode of treatment and bring a new technological revolution. This paper introduced the advantages, the current situation and the development prospect of applying robot in stomatology. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Case Reports

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Occlusal adjustment treatment of pathological migration of the anterior teeth: report of one case CHENG Hui-juan, HUA Wei-lei, XU Kan 2016, 25 (5):  630-632.  Abstract ( 267 )   HTML ( 5 )   [SummaryThis report presented a case of pathological movement of maxillary incisor. A 45-year-old female complained of increasing of the gap between the upper central incisors and increased mobility in the past two years. Clinical examination and Tscan Ⅲ showed the existence of deflective contacts between RCP and ICP. Fractionated treatment of adjustment of the deflective contacts led to relief of upper incisor mobility, and periapical films showed new bone formation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Synovial chondromatosis in the temporomandibular joint: report of 2 cases DAI Xin, FENG Yuan-yong, BU Ling-xue, SONG Kai, GAO Qian-qian, SHANG Wei 2016, 25 (5):  633-637.  Abstract ( 198 )   HTML ( 2 )   [SummaryThe clinical manifestations, radiographic findings, intraoperative view, histopathologic features of synovial chondromatosis（SC） in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) were summarized in 2 cases. Preoperative symptoms included preauricular pain（2/2）, swelling（2/2） and limitation of mouth opening (0/2). X-ray findings showed widened joint space. The articular surface destructed and irregular stippled calcifications were seen in the infratemporal fossa by CT scan in one case. MRI showed multiple small nodular formations in the articular cavity. There was no malocclusion and limitation of mouth opening after surgery. As a rare disease of the temporomandibular joint, SC often exists in superior spaces. The clinical manifestations lack specificity. Detection of calcified loose bodies on radiography was helpful to diagnosis, while final diagnosis was dependent on histopathologic examination with characteristic cartilaginous nodules in the synovial membrane. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Multiple myeloma with oral amyloidosis: report of a case and literature review LI Nuan, SHANG Wei, YANG Xue-cai, SONG Kai 2016, 25 (5):  638-640.  Abstract ( 366 )   HTML ( 3 )   [SummaryMultiple myeloma is the most common type of multifocal plasma cell proliferation in the bone marrow, whereas cases with multiple amyloidosis of oral cavity are rarely documented. Clinically, the disease is easily miss- diagnosed and mistreated due to lack of specificity. This article reported a rare case with multiple myeloma and amyloidosis of tongue, gingiva, buccal mucosa, followed by a review of relevant literature. References | Related Articles | Metrics