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10 June 2013, Volume 22 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Basic Study

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The establishment of digital model about sagittal split ramus osteotomy and stability analysis of 3 different fixation methods YIN Xue-min, ZHANG Jun-wei, REN Xiao-xu, XU Guo-xiang, LIU Xiao 2013, 22 (3):  241-246.  Abstract ( 268 )   PDF (1171KB) ( 260 )   PURPOSE: To establish the digital model about sagittal split ramus osteotomy and discuss the stress and displacement of 3 different fixation methods. METHODS: Three-dimensional reconstruction software Mimics and Geomagic were used to establish the three-dimensional entity model of mandible, and simulated sagittal split ramus osteotomy and fixation. Three-dimensional finite element model was established by mesh generation through ANSYS. After boundary constraint the occlusal load of 132N on the bilateral lower first molars was applied. RESULTS: Three-dimensional finite element models of sagittal split ramus osteotomy and 3 different fixation methods were established, and the biomechanical character of stress and displacement after occlusal load preoperatively and after splitting mandibles were found. CONCLUSIONS: As the stress distribution tends to uniformity and the displacement at split area is the least one, the fixation by bicortical screws in inverted-L position after sagittal split ramus osteotomy is the stablest of the 3 fixation methods. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Initial stress in the periodontal membrane of maxillary first molar with different alveolar bone height by intrusion: 3-dimensional finite element analysis WANG Hui, WU Jian-Yong, ZHOU Quan, LIU Jian 2013, 22 (3):  247-251.  Abstract ( 446 )   PDF (1405KB) ( 371 )   PURPOSE: To establish the 3-D finite element models of maxillary first molar, and calculate the stress magnitude and distribution within the PDL of maxillary first molar when loaded with intrusion force. METHODS: Date from CT scanning image of the maxillary first molar was used to establish the 3-D finite element model of maxillary first molar. By simulating the horizontal unbalanced bone resorption model sequentially, the magnitude and distribution of PDL stress at these models were calculated under intrusion force. RESULTS: The 3-D finite element models of maxillary first molar were constructed. With constant decrease of alveolar bone height, stress of the PDL increased non-linearly. The stress in PDL changed slowly when alveolar bone height reduced from normal level to 3.5 mm, but it increased dramatically when the height of alveolar bone resorption exceeded 6.0 mm and root furcation was exposed. The high-stress concentrated in root furcation of maxillary first molar when root furcation had not been exposed, and it would be transfered to apex or one third of root length when root furcation had been exposed. CONCLUSIONS: With the sustained decrease of alveolar bone height (less than 6 mm), orthodontic force value should be reduced according to the degree of periodontal bone loss. When the alveolar bone loss reduces to more than 6 mm and the root furcation exposes completely, orthodontic force value should be reduced significantly. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Histological changes of craniofacial sutures after retractive forces with zygomatic implant anchorage to the maxilla of rhesus monkeys ZHANG Xiao-rong, ZENG Xiang-long, XU Yun 2013, 22 (3):  252-259.  Abstract ( 212 )   PDF (4574KB) ( 215 )   PURPOSE: To demonstrate the histological changes of the maxilla-facial sutures caused by retractive forces of a zygomatic implant anchorage to the maxilla of rhesus monkeys. METHODS: Four young male rhesuses were employed, 3 in the experimental group (1 was been distracted for 1.5 months and 2 for 3 months), and 1 as control. HE staining and vital fluorescent were used to observe histological changes in the circum-maxillary sutures (i.e. zygomaticomaxillary suture, transverse palatine suture, frontomaxillary suture and pterygopalatine suture) and the posterior sutures (i.e. zygomaticotemporal suture and sphenozygomatic suture, sphenozygomatic suture) of zygoma bone caused by retractive forces of zygomatic implant to the maxilla of rhesus monkeys. RESULTS: Obvious reactions of compressive stress and bone resorption were observed around the 4 circum-maxillary sutures. There were 3 patterns of sutural reactions, indicating the direction of sutural stress influenced by sutural position and morphology. Reactions of interdigitate wedging were observed in the transverse palatine suture and frontomaxillary suture, showing a bony collision that the tip of bony process and the hollow were resorbed markedly. Phasic reactions were found in the pterygopalatine suture reaction, representing a bony sliding that one side of a bony surface was deposited while the opposite side was resorptive. Both reactions were observed in the zygomaticomaxillary suture. Tensile stresses were observed in the 3 sutures around anchoraged zygoma bone (i.e. zygomaticotemporal suture, sphenozygomatic suture and sphenozygomatic suture) with similar three-pattern reactions. CONCLUSIONS: Histologically, significant changes differing from physiological remodeling are observed in the circum-maxillary sutures and posterior sutures of zygoma bone, but no destructive changes are found. These findings demonstrate that bone resorptions are major reactions caused in the 4 circum-maxillary sutures. Different sutures respond slight histological differences. The maxillary complex is retracted distally with some rotation. Tensile stress occured in the posterior sutures around zygoma bone with a zygomatic implant anchorage, which is different from the effect with a headgear. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of the biocompatibility and cell segregation performance of acellular dermal matrix as barrier membrane on guided tissue regeneration in vitro CHEN Wu, WANG Wei-wei, SHI Xin-zhan, CHEN Ning 2013, 22 (3):  260-264.  Abstract ( 183 )   PDF (926KB) ( 215 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the proliferation of human periodontal ligament cell on acellular dermal matrix (ADM) and the epithelial cell segregation performance of ADM and evaluate the feasibility of ADM as barrier membrane of guided tissue regeneration. METHODS: Human periodontal ligament cells(HPDLCs) of the 3rd to 5th passage were seeded onto 96-well plates(with ADM and e-PTFE inside) with 2000 cells per well. The cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium (DMEM). The MTT colorimetric assay method was performed at day 1, 3, 5 and 7 after incubation. The optical density(OD) of each well was measured spectrophotometrically at 490 nm to monitor effects on cell proliferation. The data was analyzed using Student’s t test by SPSS13.0 software package. In addition, Tca8113 cells were placed in 24-well plates (with ADM and e-PTFE inside) with 2×104 cells per well. The DAPI staining was done 5, 10 d after incubation. Fluorescence microscope was used to observe the number of cells which lied on the two sides of the materials. Visual field was randomly selected to record the number of cells. The cell inoculated surface was recorded as ADM group and e-PTFE group, the other surface was recorded as ADM’ group and e-PTFE’ group. Student’s t test was used to analyse the cell segregation of the two membranes. RESULTS: At 3-, 5-, 7 d, the OD value of ADM group and blank control group was significantly higher than that in e-PTFE group (P<0.05), no significant difference was found between ADM group and blank control group (P> 0.05). At 5-, 10 d, the cell number in ADM group was much more than that in ADM’ group, similar between e-PTFE group and e-PTFE’group (P<0.05), while no significant difference was noted between the ADM’ group and e-PTFE’ group (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: ADM is more conducive to the proliferation of HPDLCs than e-PTFE, and has the similar cell segregation performance on the epithelial cells. Compared with e-PTFE, ADM is more suitable for guided periodontal tissue regeneration. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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An in vitro evaluation of the effect of carboxymethyl chitosan and its composites against Enterococcus faecalis in the root canal SONG Xue-lian, SUN Ying-ying, LIU Yang, CHEN Qing, BI Xin-xin, YU Jing-tao 2013, 22 (3):  265-269.  Abstract ( 172 )   PDF (955KB) ( 409 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the bacteriostasis effect of carboxymethyl chitosan and its composites on intracanal E. faecalis. METHODS: The pattern of E. faecalis infecting root canal was established, and then divided into 4 groups(A, B, C and D).They were filled with 2% chlorhexidine solution, 140 mg/mL mixture of carboxymethyl chitosan and chlorhexidine solution, 5 mg/mL carboxymethyl chitosan solution and calcium hydroxide paste respectively and incubated for 7 days. Samples obtained before and after the intracanal medication were plated onto BHI media to determine the colony-forming units (CFU/mL) after 48 hours. The data were analysed using SPSS 13.0 software package. RESULTS: Before intracanal medication, the variance of bacterial counts were not significantly different (P>0.05). After medication, the four groups showed significant difference in bacterial counts immediately(P<0.05).The antimicrobial effects of A and B group were better than group C and D. CONCLUSIONS: The antibiotic activity of 2% chlorhexidine solution and 140 mg/L mixture of carboxymethyl chitosan and chlorhexidine solution to E.faecalis were better. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of different surface roughness on the wear performance of several commonly used dental materials XU Dan, XIANG Nan, WEI Bin, 2013, 22 (3):  270-273.  Abstract ( 235 )   PDF (594KB) ( 385 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of different surface roughness on the wear performance of several commonly used dental materials. METHODS: Different disc-shaped alloy specimens were selected to grind with enamel specimens. The loss of the standard enamel samples after each wear process were calculated with weight loss method. The data was statistically analyzed using SAS14.0 software package. RESULTS: The average grinding amount of wear standardized enamel samples were significantly different between 180-grit and 400-grit Ni-based alloy but not significantly different between 400-grit and 1200-grit Ni-based alloy. The average grinding amount of enamel samples with Co-Cr, Ni-Cr and titanium alloy of different roughness were significantly different. CONCLUSIONS: Surface roughness will affect the wear performances of nickel-chromium alloy and cobalt-chromium alloy hard, soft cobalt-chromium alloy and titanium alloy. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Bonding performance evaluation between the new nano-hydroxyapatite composite resin and dentin ZHAO Meng-meng, WANG Qing-shan, WANG Shuang, WANG Fang-hui, SHU Jing-yuan 2013, 22 (3):  274-277.  Abstract ( 185 )   PDF (627KB) ( 254 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the shear bond strength and bonding ability between the new nano-hydroxyapatite composite resin and tooth structure. METHODS: Thirty-six healthy isolated molars were randomly assigned to 3 groups according to the material employed: new nano-hydroxyapatite composite resin, composite resin karisma and glass ionomer cement. After thermal cycling, the data of shear bond strength was recorded, and the type of specimen fracture section was observed under stereo microscope. The data was analyzed statistically by SPSS17.0 software package. RESULTS: The average shear bonding strength of nano-hydroxyapatite composite resin was(11.23±4.6082) N/mm2,and that of composite resin charisma and glass ionomer cement was(14.49±7.9855) N/mm2 and(10.08±6.3701) N/mm2, respectively. No significant difference was found among 3 groups. The bonding fracture mode of each specimen had no significant difference(P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: As a new dental restorative material, new nano-hydroxyapatite composite resin has superior bonding ability and can be used in clinical therapy. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of estradiol on the expression of estrogen receptor in mandibular condylar cartilage cell of rat HONG Lu, CHEN Chuan-jun 2013, 22 (3):  278-281.  Abstract ( 206 )   PDF (725KB) ( 250 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of estradiol on the expressions of estrogen receptor in mandibular condylar cartilage cell (MCC). METHODS: The MCC were harvested from neonatal rats. The experimental groups was cultured in medium with different concentration(10-3,10-6,10-9,l0-12 mmol/L) of estradiol(E2), while the control group was cultured in medium with ethanol. The ERα mRNA and ERβ mRNA in cells were detected with RT-PCR.The data was processed with SPSS10.0 software package. RESLUTS: Both ERα and ERβ expression were observed in MCC. Exogenous 17β-E2 raised the gene expression of ERα and lowered the expression of ERβ. Under the concentration of 10-9 mmol/L(physiological condition) , the up-regulation of ERα mRNA was found most obviously. CONCLUSIONS: E2 can raise the expression of ERα and decrease the expression of ERβ, and the effect of up grading is the most obvious under physiological concentration. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effect of surface roughness and composition of titanium on proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts ZHOU Yi-li, DING Zhong-juan, TANG Ling 2013, 22 (3):  282-286.  Abstract ( 258 )   PDF (1075KB) ( 257 )   PURPOSE: To study the effects of surface roughness and composition of titanium on proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts. METHODS: Osteoblasts were cultured on 5 commercially pure titanium (cp Ti) substrates of ground (S0), blasted with 108～130 μm(S1), 216～301 μm(S2), 356～411 μm (S3) TiO2 particles and titanium-sprayed plasma(TPS) surfaces. Surfaces prepared by hand grinding with SiC paper of 600 grits served as control (S0). Electron microprobe was used to evaluate the TiO2 film structure of the 5 titanium surfaces. For proliferation and differentiation measurement, osteoblasts were cultured for 1, 3, 5 and 7 days，evaluated by MTT Assay, ALP activity and OC level. SPSS12.0 software package was used for one-way ANOVA. RESULTS: The number of cells was the highest on S3 and TPS surfaces after 1 day culture. The same results were observed after 5 days. On day 3 and 7, S3 surface was the highest(P<0.05). The number of cells on all experimental groups were higher than S0 surfaces at each time point(P<0.05). Increase of ALP activity were detected on S0, S1 and S2 surfaces after 1, 3, 5 days. However, there was no difference between S3 and TPS surfaces(P>0.05). After 7 days, ALP activity increased significantly on TPS surface than on S1 or S2 surfaces. ALP activity on S3 surfaces was the highest(P<0.05). The ALP activity on all experimental groups were higher than S0 surfaces at each time point(P<0.05). An increase in OC production was detected on S0, S1, S2 and S3 surfaces after 1, 3, 5 days. The highest OC production was on S3 surface was on day 7(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that for TiO2 blasted surfaces, Ra ranging from 1.260 μm to 3.530 μm would optimize proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts. Blasting was an effective treatment method for osteointegration in vitro. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Factorial analysis of microleakage at the fixation screw pores of implant denture ZHANG Min, ZHENG Cang-shang 2013, 22 (3):  287-290.  Abstract ( 286 )   PDF (512KB) ( 218 )   PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate closure of the fixation screw pores of implant denture by using 4 different light-cured composite resins (LCRs), and to observe the effects of organosilane and thermocycling on microleakage. METHODS: A total of 80 hollow semi-cylinders were fabricated with titanic alloy, with the upper half of the specimens was porcelain, and the internal surfaces were sandblasted and etched. All specimens were divided into 2 groups: treated and not treated with organosilane. After bonding with 4 kinds of LCRs, the testing samples were assigned into 2 subgroups for different thermocycles. Then the degree of microleakage were measured by glucose oxidase-peroxidase(GOD-POD) methods. The results were statistically analyzed with one-way ANOVA by using SAS 11.10 software. RESULTS: Statistical analysis revealed that the microleakage associated with LCRs were significantly different, and the microleakage associated with organosilane or thermocycles were also significantly different (P<0.01). Interactive analysis showed that there was interaction between the organosilane disposal (factor B) and thermocycling disposal (factor C) (P<0.01), whereas no interaction was found between the other factors (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the type of bonding materials would affect the degree of microleakage, and the microleakage can be reduced if the specimens are treated with organosilane. The tolerance of specimens under thermocycling are very poor. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Clinical Study

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Study of growth pattern of cranialfacial complex based on skeletal age in children with normal occlusion in Shandong province MENG Xiang-qian, FU Chuan-yun, WANG Zhi-qiang, WEI Zhi-min, GUO Jie 2013, 22 (3):  291-296.  Abstract ( 377 )   PDF (628KB) ( 241 )   PURPOSE: To establish the normal values of cephalometric items for children with normal occlusion in Shandong province, and study the growth tendency of them and analyze the characteristics in different skeletal stages and sexes. METHODS: Lateral cephalograph was taken in 172 children of Han nationality with normal occlusion in Shandong province. The pictures were processed by WinCeph7.0, and statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS18.0 software Package. The results between sexes and 4 skeletal stages were compared. RESULTS: Facial contour in males were larger than in females. With growth of children, counter-clockwise rotation happened in mandibular plane, and males rotated more than females. Maxillary anterior tooth tilted more forword in males than in females, while mandibular anterior tooth positioned more upright in males than in females, and the protrution of maxillary and mandibular anterior tooth in males decreased along with growth. The lower lip in males was thicker than in females. CONCLUSIONS: The normal values and standard deviations of measuring items in different gender and bone-age group were established. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Quantitative real-time PCR for target periodontal bacteria in subgingival plaque before and after local delivery of periocline, scaling and root planning DENG Shu-li, WANG Ying, HE Jia-yan, CHEN Zhuo, CHEN Hui 2013, 22 (3):  297-301.  Abstract ( 370 )   PDF (595KB) ( 281 )   PURPOSE: To compare the copy number of Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Prevotella intermedia (Pi) in subgingival plaque before and after local delivery of periocline (2% minocycline hydrochloride ointment, MO), scaling and root planning (SRP) by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and evaluate the efficacy. METHODS: Sixty-two adults with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis were selected in the study. Microbial samples were taken from pocket before and after MO and SRP(7d). The samples were evaluated by qRT-PCR for Pg and Pi. Microbiological effectiveness of treatments was assessed using Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon rank-sum test. All tests were two-sided with a significance level of 0.05. All analyses were conducted with SAS 9.1.3 software package. RESULTS: The copy number of Pg and Pi in subgingival plaque was 103-106 and 102-106. Bacterial loads of Pg were reduced in SPR+ MO, SRP and MO site. The counts of Pi decreased in SRP+ MO sites compared with those in the MO or SRP alone sites significantly (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) is used as a powerful tool with high sensitivity and specificity to quantitatively assess target periodontal bacteria. The results show that subgingival administration of MO and SRP was effective for reducing pathogenic bacteria and improving clinical outcome. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of nitrous oxide / oxygen inhalation sedation in tooth extraction of elderly patients with hypertension SHAO Yun, WANG Xin-he, SU Rong-xiang, DONG Ying-chun, LI Gang 2013, 22 (3):  302-304.  Abstract ( 303 )   PDF (454KB) ( 224 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the safety and efficacy of nitrous oxide/ oxygen inhalation sedation assisted in elderly hypertensive patients under local anesthesia during tooth extraction. METHODS: Forty elderly patients (age≥ 70 years) with hypertension who needed tooth extraction with electrocardiographic monitoring were selected, and divided into experimental and control groups randomly, with 20 patients in each group. The experimental group was treated with nitrous oxide/oxygen inhalation sedation and local anesthesia for surgery, the control group underwent tooth extraction under local anesthesia. Heart rate, blood pressure, as well as differences of operative time in all groups before surgery, during operation and after surgery were observed and compared. SPSS 11.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The intraoperative HR, BP of patients in the control group was significantly higher than those of patients in the experimental group (P<0.05). HR, BP were relatively stable during the whole procedure in the experimental group. Compared with the control group, surgery was significantly longer in the experimental group (P<0.05). The difference was statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Nitrous oxide/oxygen inhalation sedation assisted local anesthesia can be a safe and effective anesthetic method in tooth extraction of elderly patients with hypertension. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Technological experience of occlusal reconstruction with IPS e.max Press for severely worn dentition QIAN Dong-dong, LUO Xiao-ping, NIE Rong-rong 2013, 22 (3):  305-309.  Abstract ( 184 )   PDF (1137KB) ( 338 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the feasibility of occlusal reconstruction with IPS e.max Press for patients suffering from severely worn dentition, and to summarize the technological experience. METHODS: IPS e.max Press was used to reconstruct occlusion for one patient with severely worn dentition. Provisional restorations were fitted in worn teeth to rehabilitate the vertical dimension and centric relationship almost 3 months before final treatment. Face bow was used to transfer the general information of provisional restorations to articulator, including the plane of occlusion, anatomical outline and intercuspal position of teeth. RESULTS: After 24 months of follow-up, the masticatory efficiency and facial appearance were improved significantly, and TMJ disorder was not observed. The patient was satisfied with the prostheses.CONCLUSIONS: IPS e.max Press is an effective and reliable treatment of occlusal reconstruction.The short term effect is promoting. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A clinical study on effects of distalization of whole upper arch in borderline Class II malocclusion using microscrew anchorages in inferiozygomatic area ZHANG Hong-jun, JI Guo-ping, SHEN Gang 2013, 22 (3):  310-315.  Abstract ( 346 )   PDF (2515KB) ( 324 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of distalization of upper dentition using microscrew anchorages placed in inferiozygomatic area to correct borderline Class II malocclusion. METHODS: Nine borderline Class II cases aged from 13-17 years old, with moderate convex profile were selected. All cases were designed to extract upper second molars or third molar germs to provide space for distalization of upper dentition using microscrew anchorages placed in inferiozygomatic area. Cephalometrics before and after treatment were compared to analyze the movement of upper morlars and incisors, as well as the position change of upper and lower lips. The data were analyzed by paired t test with SPSS17.0 Software package. RESULTS: After an average of 14 months of treatment, all cases got improved profiles with correction of Class II dental relationship. The upper molars and incisors were pulled back 3.1 mm and 2.8 mm, respectively. No adverse root resorption or sinus infection caused by the microscrews was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Microscrew anchorages placed in inferiozygomatic area can be used to correct borderline Class II malocclusion by distalization movement of upper dentition with a better profile and no adverse complication. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical study of extraction treatment of Class II division I malocclusion with Empower self-ligating brackets CHEN Xi-hua, HUA Yong-mei, XIE Xing-qian, YU Xiao-jia, WANG Jian, LIU Li-ming 2013, 22 (3):  316-321.  Abstract ( 392 )   PDF (1278KB) ( 271 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate and compare the treatment efficiency of Empower interactive self-ligating brackets and traditional brackets in Class II division I extraction patients. METHODS: Forty patients with Class II division I malocclusion were randomly divided into 2 groups. Twenty patients received Empower self-ligating technique (group A) and the other 20 patients received MBT technique (group B). Four first premolars were extracted and without any other anchorage devices added in both groups. The duration of treatment, the number of visits and chair-side time were recorded. Cephalometric analysis was performed before and after treatment. The data was analyzed with SPSS 13.0 software package for paired t test. RESULTS: Treatment time and number of visits in group A were more than in group B, but there was no significant difference between the 2 groups. Chair-side time in group A reduced 151.15s on average compared with group B. Significant changes were observed in both groups after treatment. Upper and lower anterior teeth retracted and convex profile improved.U1-SN, U1-NA, L1-MP, L1-NB, UI-PTV, LI-PTV, UL-EP, LL-EP decreased. Significant differences were found in UM-PTV between the 2 groups(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with traditional brackets, Empower self-ligating brackets can save chair-side time, control anterior teeth torque and posterior teeth anchorage effectively, but can not reduce the treatment time or number of visits. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The function of osteopontin and other cytokines in the diagnosis of SjÖgren’s syndrome SUN Wei, YU Li, WEI Ben-juan, ZHOU Hai-wen 2013, 22 (3):  322-325.  Abstract ( 172 )   PDF (594KB) ( 218 )   PURPOSE: To explore the relationship of serum concentrations of osteopontin(OPN), TNF-α and TGF-β1 in SjÖgren’s syndrome patients. METHODS: Forty [SjÖgren’s] syndrome (SS) patients were determined by pathological examination, which included 15 primary SS and 25 secondary SS. Serum level of OPN, TNF-alpha and TGF-beta 1 were examined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Multiple correlation analysis was performed using SPSS13.0 software package. RESULTS: Serum OPN, TNF-alpha levels increased in SS compared with healthy subjects (P<0.05).Serum TGF-beta 1 level in secondary SS significantly increased than primary SS (P<0.05). On the contrary, serum TGF-beta1 level had no significant change compared with the controls. OPN was correlated with TGF-beta 1. CONCLUSIONS: OPN and TNF-alpha may be used as adjunctive diagnostic parameter. TGF-beta 1 can be used as an index in differential diagnosis of primary and secondary SS. OPN and TGF-beta 1 have different effects and interactions between them, demonstrating mutuality, diversity and integrity of the cytokine network. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical analysis of radionuclide bone scan in patients with facial asymmetry QU Wei, LIU liu, DING Shi-mei, WANG She-jiao 2013, 22 (3):  326-329.  Abstract ( 178 )   PDF (555KB) ( 256 )   PURPOSE: To study the radionuclide distribution in mandible of patients with facial asymmetry and help to select proper time and type of treatment. METHODS： The control group included 29 people with no facial asymmetry, while the experimental group consist of 207 patients with facial asymmetry. The radioactive count in 29 normal controls and 207 patients with facial asymmetry were measured and compared using 99mTc-MDP intake percentage in mandibular condyle, ramus and body. SPSS13.0 software package was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: There was significant difference between adult and adolescent patients in 99mTc-MDP intake of the condyles. There was no significant difference between male and female in the 99mTc-MDP intake of the condyles. The 99mTc-MDP intake difference percentage was (22.50±1.67)%, (6.93±1.02)% and (13.67±0.95)% in mandibular condyle, ramus and body, respectively. The intake difference value of the condyle was the biggest. CONCLUSIONS: The mandible growth trend is different from the body’s growth and development trend. We can analyze the trend of mandible development by radionuclide bone scan and select proper time and type of treatment. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of the fiber-reinforced resin in transitional denture after implantation SUO Wu-cai, WANG Qing, YU You-cheng, RUAN Hong, LI Mei-chao 2013, 22 (3):  330-333.  Abstract ( 413 )   PDF (803KB) ( 291 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical effect of transitional restoration by the fiber-reinforced resin bonded bridge in the anterior zone after implantation. METHODS: Twenty-three cases with missing upper/lower central incisor, lateral incisor or canine were collected and randomly divided into the experimental group and the control group. One week after implant operation, the patients in the experimental group were repaired with the fiber-reinforced resin bonded bridge; while 2 weeks after implant operation, the patients in the control group were repaired with the removable partial denture. Then, the clinical effect was evaluated. The data was analyzed with SPSS18.0 software package for χ2 test. RESULTS: Patients in the experimental group were more satisfied with pronunciation than in the control group. The incidence of adverse reactions in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group(P<0.05). Patients in both groups were quite satisfied with the esthetic effect(P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: There are comfortable feeling and satisfactory aesthetic result with the fiber-reinforced resin bonded bridge. It didn’t affect wound healing and could meet the requirement of transitional repair after implantation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Reconstruction of tissue defects by infrahyoid myocutaneous flap in elder patients after oral cancer surgery ZHANG Jian-wei, ZHOU Chang-long, WANG Yong-sheng, CHEN Bin 2013, 22 (3):  334-337.  Abstract ( 382 )   PDF (1367KB) ( 482 )   PURPOSE: To investigate the role of repairing tissue defects by infrahyoid myocutaneous flap after oral cancer surgery in elder patients. METHODS: From December 2005 to November 2010, we used infrahyoid myocutaneous flaps to reconstruct soft tissue defects in 19 elder patients after radical operation of oral cancer. There were 11 males and 8 females with the age range of 65 to 89 years (average: 72.8) .The lesions included 10 tongue cancers, 2 buccal cancers, 6 mouth floor cancers and 1 gingival cancer. RESULTS: All wound healed uneventfully, and all the 19 infrahyoid myocutaneous flaps survived without total or partial necrosis. The results were satisfactory both in appearance and functions. The patients were followed up for 6 months to 5 years, no tumour relapse and metastasis occurred. CONCLUSIONS: The procedure of preparing the infrahyoid myocutaneous flap is simple and the result is reliable. The flap is useful for reconstruction of soft tissue defects in elder patients. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical evaluation on the preparation of cured root canals with Reciproc and Pathfile rotary instruments CHEN Feng, QIAO Jia-yun, LI Xiao-feng 2013, 22 (3):  338-341.  Abstract ( 221 )   PDF (512KB) ( 382 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of cured molar root canal preparation using Reciproc and Pathfile rotary instruments. METHODS: From December 2012 to January 2013, 88 teeth with 273 root canals were randomly divided into three groups. In group A, root canals were prepared with Reciproc and Pathfile. In group B, root canals were prepared with ProTaper and Pathfile. In group C, root canals were prepared with rotary ProTaper. All root canals were filled with continuous wave condensation. The operating time for each root canal, the incidence of instrument separation and postoperative pain were recorded. The efficiency of reparation was analyzed with radiograph. The data was analyzed with SPSS17.0 software package. RESULTS: In group A, the mean operation time was significantly shorter without instrument separation, transportation and ledge. The technique could keep the curvature and flow of curved canals. Postoperative pain was significantly lower, and appropriate filling of root canals was significantly higher than in other groups (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Curved root canal preparation with Reciproc and Pathfile is less time consuming and more convenient with fewer side effects. It is an efficient instrumentation for curved canals and can be used widely. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Application of ice-cold compression in infantile palatoplasty LIU Mei-xia, WANG Guan-rong, DING Hong, ZHANG Xiang, SHANG Wei, WANG Ke 2013, 22 (3):  342-344.  Abstract ( 312 )   PDF (426KB) ( 238 )   PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical outcome of ice-cold compression in infantile palatoplasty under general anesthesia for oral swelling and pain relief. METHODS: Eighty children with congenital cleft palate who underwent palatoplasty under general anesthesia were divided into 2 groups: experimental group and control group. Ice-cold compression was used in the experimental group before extubation, while 40 cases without ice-cold application was included as control. The patients were observed for the degree of swelling, pain and food intake after operation. SPSS13.0 software package was used for Student’s test and Chi-square test. RESULTS: Significant difference of swelling pain of wound and food intake between the 2 groups was found after operation. CONCLUSIONS: Relief of swelling and pain using ice-cold compression can be obtained for infantile palatoplasty during the process of infantile palatoplasty. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Dental Education

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Application of participatory teaching mode in oral health education CI Xiang-ke, ZHAO Yu-hong, WAN Li, XIONG Wei, WANG Yu-jiang, OU Xiao-yan 2013, 22 (3):  345-348.  Abstract ( 192 )   PDF (513KB) ( 299 )   PURPOSE: To apply participatory teaching mode in oral health education, and to assess its role in cultivating comprehensive stomatological professionals suitable for the development of modern medicine. METHODS: Sixty undergraduate students from grade 2005 in Stomatological College of Nanchang University were selected. Among those students, oral health education course was carried out by traditional teaching mode, while 120 undergraduate students from grades 2006 to 2007 received participatory teaching approach, which paid attention to practice in oral health education practice course. After the course, a survey and evaluation of teaching effectiveness was conducted. RESULTS: Questionnaire survey showed that participatory teaching mode could significantly improve the students’ capabilities and provide much more help to their study. CONCLUSIONS: Application of participatory teaching mode in oral health education course for undergraduates is feasible. It can improve students’ comprehensive ability and cultivate their cultural literacy and scientific literacy. It also meets the training goal of stomatological professionals and the development trend of education reform. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Data Analysis

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Analysis of publications from 93 issues of Shanghai Journal of Stomatology over 20 years XU Ling, ZHENG Jia-wei, ZHANG Hui-hong 2013, 22 (3):  349-353.  Abstract ( 169 )   PDF (566KB) ( 232 )   PURPOSE: To analyze the characteristic of articles published in Shanghai Journal of Stomatology from 1992 to 2011,to provide some references for future development. METHODS: By using bibliometric method,20 volumes and 93 issues of Shanghai Journal of Stomatology were searched and analyzed.The publication and pages,the type and number of articles, the distribution of subjects,the ratio of grant-supported paper,the first authors’ local distributions and institutions,the total citation,impact factor and cited rate were recorded and subject to statistical analysis. RESULTS: The total number of articles published in Shanghai Journal of Stomatology was 2513 over 20 years, with 7 types and 11 subjects,169 papers(6.72%) References | Related Articles | Metrics

Oral Health Care

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Optimize the service flow of stomatological department to accommodate outpatient’s demands DAI Xing, WU Zheng-yi, DU Qin, ZHOU Yong-mei 2013, 22 (3):  354-357.  Abstract ( 175 )   PDF (529KB) ( 438 )   PURPOSE: To provide measures to dispose of unsatisfactory service links for outpatients, and to optimize the service flow of department of stomatology. METHODS: Four hundred and seventy-nine questionnaires were delivered in Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine. The questionnaires included 15 questions relating to general experience in department of stomatology and assessment on separate link of service flow. 5-point grades were set up for each question. Descriptive statistics analysis, Student’s t test and analysis of variance were performed using SPSS13.0 software package. RESULTS: The general satisfaction rate was 4.68. The lowest grades were given when the outpatients waited for too long, shuttled among different sections, and the attending doctors gave little explanation concerning diagnosis and treatment. CONCLUSIONS：Measures such as examination by appointment at specific period of time, post-pay examination, more humanistic triage, establishment of integrated section of stomatology, more reasonable sequence of examination should be adopted to optimize outpatient service flow. By doing so, outpatients’ experience of dental care will be effectively improved. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Case Reports

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Maxillary first molar with two palatal canals: a case report SHI Jian-jun 2013, 22 (3):  358-360.  Abstract ( 187 )   PDF (566KB) ( 265 )   Maxillary first molar with two palatal canals is rare. Clinicians should be aware of the normal anatomy of root canal system and vigilant about the possible existence of canal variation. A patient with acute episode of chronic pulpitis of 26, as presented by the case report, was examined to have four canals, which were the mesial buccal canal, the distal buccal canal, the mesial palatal canal and the distal palatal canal. When suspecting the existence of canal variation, clinicians should carefully explore the pulpal floor, further by changing the X-ray projection angle to confirm the existence of variation and prevent the missed canals, all of which are necessary for a successful root canal therapy. References | Related Articles | Metrics