Metabolomics study on the difference of tongue coating metabolites between patients with intra-oral halitosis and healthy individual

doi:10.19439/j.sjos.2023.05.014

Abstract

Abstract: PURPOSE: To analyze the difference of metabolites of tongue coating between patients with intra-oral halitosis and healthy individuals by untargeted metabolomics, and to explore significant differences in metabolites of intra-oral halitosis as biomarkers. METHODS: The untargeted metabolomics of tongue coating samples from 12 patients with intra-oral halitosis and 12 healthy individuals were studied by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry combined with principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis. The value of variable importance in projection >1 and P<0.05 of Student's t test in the orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis model were used as the criteria to screen and determine the differential metabolites. RESULTS: There were differences in the metabolites of tongue coating between patients with intra-oral halitosis and healthy individuals, and 11 different metabolites were identified. They were valyl-arginine, glycine-phenylalanine, tryptophyl-proline, deoxyadenosine, 4,5-dihydroniveusin A, N-acetyl-DL-tryptophan, paramethasone acetate, cyclopentanol, [(2-hexylcyclopentylidene) amino]thiourea, L-pipecolic acid and taurine. In the intra-oral halitosis group, the expressions of Glycine-phenylalanine and N-acetyl-DL-tryptophan were significantly up-regulated, while the expressions of taurine were significantly down-regulated. CONCLUSIONS: There are differences in the metabolites of tongue coating between patients with intra-oral halitosis and healthy individuals. The differential metabolites with diagnostic value may be used as diagnostic markers of intra-oral halitosis.

Key words: Intra-oral Halitosis, Tongue coating, Metabolomics, Biomarker

CLC Number:

R781.9

LIMAN Aviella-nathania, ZHU Hong-lai, YANG Wen-jie, YE Wei. Metabolomics study on the difference of tongue coating metabolites between patients with intra-oral halitosis and healthy individual[J]. Shanghai Journal of Stomatology, 2023, 32(5): 525-531.

References

[1] van den Broek AM, Feenstra L, de Baat C, et al. A review of the current literature on aetiology and measurement methods of halitosis[J]. J Dent, 2007, 35(8): 627-635.
[2] Olszewska-Czyz I, Sozkes S, Dudzik A.Clinical trial evaluating quality of life in patients with intra-oral halitosis[J]. J Clin Med, 2022, 11(2): 326-340.
[3] Quirynen M, Dadamio J, Velde S, et al.Characteristics of 2000 patients who visited a halitosis clinic[J]. J Clin Periodontol, 2010, 36(11): 970-975.
[4] Muniz FW, Friedrich SA, Silveira CF, et al.The impact of chewing gum on halitosis parameters: a systematic review[J]. J Breath Res, 2017, 11(1): 014001.
[5] Seemann R, Conceicao MD, Filippi A, et al.Halitosis management by the general dental practitioner-results of an international consensus workshop[J]. J Breath Res, 2014, 8(1): 017101.
[6] Seerangaiyan K, Jüch F, Winkel EG.Tongue coating: its characteristics and role in intra-oral halitosis and general health-a review[J]. J Breath Res, 2018, 12(3): 034001.
[7] Halket JM, Waterman D, Przyborowska AM, et al.Chemical derivatization and mass spectral libraries in metabolic profiling by GC/MS and LC/MS/MS[J]. J Exp Bot, 2005, 56(410): 219-243.
[8] Kiseleva O, Kurbatov I, Ilgisonis E, et al.Defining blood plasma and serum metabolome by GC-MS[J]. Metabolites, 2021, 12(1): 15-45.
[9] Rosenberg M, McCulloch CA. Measurement of oral malodor: current methods and future prospects[J]. J Periodontol, 1992, 63(9): 776-782.
[10] Rosenberg M, Kulkarni GV, Bosy A, et al.Reproducibility and sensitivity of oral malodor measurements with a portable sulphide monitor[J]. J Dent Res, 1991, 70(11): 1436-1440.
[11] Wang X, Sun G, Feng T, et al.Sodium oligomannate therapeutically remodels gut microbiota and suppresses gut bacterial amino acids-shaped neuroinflammation to inhibit Alzheimer's disease progression[J]. Cell Res, 2019, 29(10): 787-803.
[12] Xie M, Chen W, Lai X, et al.Metabolic responses and their correlations with phytochelatins in Amaranthus hypochondriacus under cadmium stress[J]. Environ Pollut, 2019, 252(Pt B): 1791-1800.
[13] Zhang YR, Zhao HT, Guo YY, et al.Relationship between thick or greasy tongue-coating microbiota and tongue diagnosis in patients with primary liver cancer[J]. Front Microbiol, 2022, 13: 903616.
[14] Sun ZM, Zhao J, Qian P, et al.Metabolic markers and microecological characteristics of tongue coating in patients with chronic gastritis[J]. BMC Complement Altern Med, 2013, 13: 227-236.
[15] Hao YM, Yuan X, Yan J, et al.Metabolomic markers in tongue-coating samples from damp phlegm pattern patients of coronary heart disease and chronic renal failure[J]. Dis Markers, 2019, 2019: 4106293.
[16] Hao YM, Zhang RL, Morris R, et al.Metabolome and microbiome alterations in tongue coating of gastric precancerous lesion patients[J]. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2021, 15(8): 949-963.
[17] Duarte da Silva K, Vargas-Ferreira F, Damaso Bertoldi A, et al. Oral mucosal lesions in pregnant women: a population-based study[J]. Oral Dis, 2022, 28(7): 1891-1900.
[18] 肖金禾, 金信妍, 樊英怡, 等. 哺乳期急性乳腺炎黄腻苔患者舌苔特异性菌群特征研究[J]. 中医杂志, 2021, 62(13): 1150-1155.
[19] Jacob M, Gu X, Luo X, et al.Metabolomics distinguishes DOCK8 deficiency from atopic dermatitis: towards a biomarker discovery[J]. Metabolites, 2019, 9(11): 274-288.
[20] Matos Do Canto L, Marian C, Varghese RS, et al. Metabolomic profiling of breast tumors using ductal fluid[J]. Int J Oncol, 2016, 49(6): 2245-2254.
[21] Sirianni AC, Jiang J, Zeng J, et al.N-acetyl-l-tryptophan, but not N-acetyl-d-tryptophan, rescues neuronal cell death in models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis[J]. J Neurochem, 2015, 134(5): 956-968.
[22] Dion MZ, Leiske D, Sharma VK, et al.Mitigation of oxidation in therapeutic antibody formulations: a biochemical efficacy and safety evaluation of N-acetyl-tryptophan and L-Methionine[J]. Pharm Res, 2018, 35(11): 222.
[23] El Agouza IM, Eissa SS, El Houseini MM, et al.Taurine: a novel tumor marker for enhanced detection of breast cancer among female patients[J]. Angiogenesis, 2011, 14(3): 321-330.
[24] Ma X, Wang Y, Wu H, et al.Periodontal health related-inflammatory and metabolic profiles of patients with end-stage renal disease: potential strategy for predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine[J]. EPMA J, 2021, 12(2): 117-128.
[25] Seerangaiyan K, Winkelhoff AV, Harmsen H, et al.The tongue microbiome in healthy subjects and patients with intra-oral halitosis[J]. J Breath Res, 2017, 11(3): 036010.
[26] Acar B, Berker E, Tan Ç, et al.Effects of oral prophylaxis including tongue cleaning on halitosis and gingival inflammation in gingivitis patients-a randomized controlled clinical trial[J]. Clin Oral Investig, 2019, 23(4): 1829-1836.