Abstract: PURPOSE: To investigate the caries status of the first permanent molar among 7-9 years old Uygur children in Urumqi, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, and provide bases for the oral health care of children in Urumqi. METHODS: The study was conducted in a preschool in Urumqi, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, involving 1600 children aged among 7-9 years old. The dental caries of these children were examined by 2 general dentists according to the criteria of the Third National Epidemiological Survey in China. Data were analyzed by SPSS16.0 software package for χ² test and student’s t test. RESULTS: The prevalence of caries in the first permanent molar among these children was 26.50%, with a mean DMFT of 0.44. The caries prevalence in boys was 22.98% and 30% in girls (P<0.05). The DMFT in boys and girls was 0.41, 0.47, respectively. The caries prevalence increased along with the increase of age. The caries prevalence of 9-year-old children was significantly higher than that in 7 and 8-year-old children (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The caries prevalence of the first permanent molar among 7-9 years old children in Urumqi, Xinjiang Autonomous Region is high. It is necessary to enhance the early guidance for the Uygur children to develop good oral health habits and status.